For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for 1844年银行特许状法令.

1844年银行特许状法令

1844年银行特许状法令
Bank Charter Act 1844[1]
英国国会
全名本法令旨在规管钞票事务,在限期内给予英格兰银行某种特权。(An Act to regulate the Issue of Bank Notes, and for giving to the Bank of England certain Privileges for a limited Period.)
适用地域 英国
其他法例
废除法例1928年货币与钞票法令
1939年货币与钞票法令
2009年银行法令
现状:已施行
原始文本
修订后法规文本

1844年银行特许状法令》(英语:Bank Charter Act 1844),又称《皮尔条例》,是英国国会首相罗伯特·皮尔任内通过的一项法令。法令限制了英国各大银行的权利,把印钞权收归中央集权式的英格兰银行所有。[2]

1844年银行特许状法令

内容

[编辑]

直到十九世纪中叶,英国和爱尔兰的商业银行依然能够发现自己的纸币,省级银行业公司的银行券在流通中更是随处可见。[3]

根据法令,除了英格兰银行外,其他银行不得发行新的纸币(银行券),现有发行纸币的银行如果破产倒闭,则需收回其发行的纸币;与此同时,英格兰银行若发行新币,则需有全额黄金为保证。法令起到了限制流通中纸币供应量的作用,也让英格兰银行有效垄断了新币的发行。不过,活期存款却不受法令的约束,与纸币不同,无需以全额黄金为保证。[4]

此法令将金银本位主义在英国制度化,[5]规定了英格兰银行的黄金储备和可发行钞票之间的比率[6],将英格兰威尔士的银行可发行的没有黄金储备支持的钞票限制在1400万英镑内。[7]法令严格限制了国内各大银行的发钞权,[6]阻止英国任何其他银行获得钞票发行权,开始了钞票发行中央集权化的进程。[8][9]

影响

[编辑]

虽然法令要求新币必须以黄金或公债为全额保证,不过却给了政府在发生金融危机时候暂时停止黄金支付的权力,而在历史上也确实发生过数次政府暂停支付黄金的事件,分别发生在1847年、1857年和1866年欧沃伦格尼银行(Overend Gurney Bank)危机期间。同时,尽管法令限制了新币的发行,却并没有限制银行凭空创造新的存款,在十九世纪后半叶,这些存款会继续增加货币的供应量。[9]

储户办理储蓄业务时,银行向客户借债,许诺带息返还,并允以可观的抵押物,银行存款就是这些债务的总和。当银行办理储蓄业务时,货币以债务的形式被创造出来,[10]存款被储户取出就相当于银行偿还了这些债务,这些货币便从银行的资产负债表上消失。而一银行里的存款实际上是此前另一银行向客户提供的现金,长期来看,允许银行无限吸纳存款放出贷款,会大量创造货币,货币流入市场后抬升资产价值,最终要导致通货膨胀。这项法令是英国货币学派英语currency school的胜利,该学院认为纸币的发行是通货膨胀的罪魁祸首。

这项法令使得省级银行业公司合并成更大的银行,同时失去了发钞权。英格兰的民间钞票最终消失了,让英格兰银行垄断了英格兰和威尔士的钞票发行权。英格兰和威尔士境内,最后一个自行发行钞票的银行是1921年的福克斯福勒银行(Fox,Fowler and Company)。[11][12]

一年后苏格兰实行的1845年银行法令则更加宽容,允许苏格兰的银行发行他们1845年流通量以上的货币,只要新增发行量有总部的黄金储备支持即可,银行兼并后也可以合并他们所发行的钞票。[13]

时至今日,苏格兰的三个商业银行和北爱尔兰的四个商业银行继续发行他们自己的英镑纸币,但均受到英格兰银行管制。[14]

参见

[编辑]

注释

[编辑]
  1. ^ The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by the Short Titles Act 1896, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978.
  2. ^ 《1844年銀行特許狀法令》 (PDF). 英格兰银行. [2010-10-27]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-12-03). 
  3. ^ £2 note issued by Evans, Jones, Davies & Co.. British Museum. [31 October 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-18). 
  4. ^ 昨天是一个历史性的日子. 米塞斯研究院博客. [2010-09-17]. (原始内容存档于2010-09-18). 
  5. ^ Anna Gambles, Protection and Politics: Conservative Economic Discourse, 1815-1852 (Royal Historical Society/Boydell Press, 1999), pp. 117-18.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Poovey, Mary. Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Britain. University of Chicago Press. 2008: 49. 
  7. ^ Dewey, Peter. War and Progress: Britain 1914-1945. Routledge. 2014: 74 [1994]. 
  8. ^ Bank Charter Act 1844: No banker not issuing notes on 6th May 1844, to issue notes hereafter. legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives (United Kingdom). 19 July 1844 [2022-04-10]. (7 and 8 Vict) c.32 (s. 10). (原始内容存档于2022-01-20). No person other than a banker who on the sixth day of May one thousand eight hundred and forty-four was lawfully issuing his own bank notes shall make or issue bank notes in any part of the United Kingdom. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Tonilo, Gianni; White, Eugene N. The Evolution of the Financial Stability Mandate: From Its Origin to the Present Day. Central Banks at a Crossroads. Cambridge University Press. 2016: 431. 
  10. ^ Money creation in the modern economy. Bank of England. [6 February 2014]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-23). 
  11. ^ A brief history of banknotes. Bank of England. [31 October 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-04). 
  12. ^ Fox, Fowler & Co. £5 note. British Museum. [31 October 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011-10-02). 
  13. ^ RBS History in 100 objects: Banknotes bill, 1844. RBS Heritage Hub. Royal Bank of Scotland. [26 March 2018]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-26). 
  14. ^ The Bank of England's Role in Regulating the Issue of Scottish and Northern Ireland Banknotes. Bank of England. [31 October 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-04). 

外部链接

[编辑]
{{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}}
1844年银行特许状法令
Listen to this article

This browser is not supported by Wikiwand :(
Wikiwand requires a browser with modern capabilities in order to provide you with the best reading experience.
Please download and use one of the following browsers:

This article was just edited, click to reload
This article has been deleted on Wikipedia (Why?)

Back to homepage

Please click Add in the dialog above
Please click Allow in the top-left corner,
then click Install Now in the dialog
Please click Open in the download dialog,
then click Install
Please click the "Downloads" icon in the Safari toolbar, open the first download in the list,
then click Install
{{::$root.activation.text}}

Install Wikiwand

Install on Chrome Install on Firefox
Don't forget to rate us

Tell your friends about Wikiwand!

Gmail Facebook Twitter Link

Enjoying Wikiwand?

Tell your friends and spread the love:
Share on Gmail Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Buffer

Our magic isn't perfect

You can help our automatic cover photo selection by reporting an unsuitable photo.

This photo is visually disturbing This photo is not a good choice

Thank you for helping!


Your input will affect cover photo selection, along with input from other users.

X

Get ready for Wikiwand 2.0 🎉! the new version arrives on September 1st! Don't want to wait?