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黑林格-特普利茨定理

黑林格-特普利茨定理数学泛函分析的定理,以德国数学家恩斯特·黑林格和奥托·特普利茨命名。

叙述

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希尔伯特空间是处处定义的对称线性算子,即对任意都有等式

那么,有界(因此也是连续)。

证明

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闭图像定理可知,只需证明:如果序列趋于0,,那么。因为内积连续,故得

所以

推论

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  • 任何对称且在上处处定义的算子是自伴算子
  • 无界自伴算子最多只能定义在希尔伯特空间的一个稠密子集上。

物理结果

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这定理带出了量子力学的数学基础的一些技术难题。量子力学中的可观察量对应到某个希尔伯特空间上的自伴算符,但一些可观察量(如能量)的算符是无界的。这定理说这些算符不能处处定义,只能定义在稠密子集上。

量子谐振子为例。这时希尔伯特空间是,即平方可积函数空间,能量算符定义为(设其单位选取使得

这算符是自伴无界的(其特征值为1/2, 3/2, 5/2, ...),所以不能在整个上定义。

参考

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  • Dirk Werner: Funktionalanalysis (Springer, 5. Auflage 2005)
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黑林格-特普利茨定理
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