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咸潮

Ghyben-Herzberg 关系

咸潮(又称咸潮上溯盐水入侵),是一种天然水文现象。当淡水河流量不足,令海水倒灌,咸淡水混合造成上游河道水体变咸,即形成咸潮。咸潮一般发生于冬季或干旱的季节,即每年十月至翌年三月之间出现在河海交汇处,例如长江三角洲珠江三角洲等处之周边地区。

影响咸潮的主要因素有天气变化及潮汐涨退。尤其在天文大潮时,咸潮上溯的情况更为严重。另外,全球气候变化导致海平面上升过程让咸潮十分缓慢地增加,但长期的累积也在逐渐显现。

咸度(亦称盐度)测量单位为度,一度为一升河水中大且微克氯化物(包括氯化钠),据中国《生活饮用水水源水质标准》(CJ3020-93),氯化物含量均应小于250 mg/L(即250度)。当河道水体含盐度超过250度就不达供水水质标准。如钢铁工业生产要求总咸度不能超过200度,电厂锅炉用水要求咸度300度以下;水稻育秧期则要求咸度低于600度。

近来发生的咸潮事件

  • 2014年2月,长江口遭遇史上持续最久的咸潮入侵,导致上海自来水水质变差。自来水变黄而且带有咸味。许多上海民众感到不适应,纷纷购买瓶装水。
  • 2014年3月,受到马来西亚持续干旱气候的影响,马六甲海峡的海水流向了麻坡河中游,影响了柔佛州麻坡县和礼让县部分地区的水质。许多居民投诉自来水变咸,并且感觉越喝越口渴。居民们纷纷到商店购买矿泉水解渴。
  • 2022年9月,受长江流域干旱影响,长江上游来水持续减少。青草沙水库取水口自9月5日22时起、陈行水库取水口自9月14日16时起出现数次咸潮入侵。青草沙水库、陈行水库之后关闭取水口。[1]尽管官方表示已采取“异地调水”保供,但受到网络传言等影响,上海居民已开始囤饮用水。10月12日,上海部分地区停水。[2]

参考文献

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咸潮
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