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魏观案.
魏观案发生于洪武六年(1373年),明太祖朱元璋藉苏州知府魏观“濬河道”与“修府治”等事,更是为了报复诗人高启等人,将他们处死。
简介
洪武六年(1373年),苏州知府魏观将府衙修建在张士诚宫殿的遗址上,被御史张度污为“兴灭王之基,开败国之河”;魏观被斩首,高启曾为魏观撰写〈郡治上梁文〉,其中“龙盘虎踞”等句触怒朱元璋,一并被腰斩于金陵。[1]王彝亦惨遭杀戮。同社人纷起为诗文悼之。
魏观案是朱元璋对吴中地域猜忌的一次大爆发,更是朱元璋刻意打压江南士大夫的表现。世人称高启有诗〈题宫女图〉云:“小犬隔花空吠影,夜深宫禁有谁来?”暗讽宫闱秘事,招来杀身之祸,纯属穿凿附会。高启早年赴京修《元史》,后辞官不就,坚决不与新王朝合作。洪武五年(1372年)三月,魏观出任苏州知府,高启宁可游幕魏观,亦不入朝廷征聘。高启、王彝二人在魏观修府治、浚河道时,为其歌功颂德。高启还为魏观母亲作《魏夫人宋氏墓志铭》,这些举动难免有结党营私的嫌疑。[2]朱元璋藉“魏观案”惨杀高启,目的在于警告江南士子,不合作的下场就是这样,他说:“率土之滨,莫非王臣。寰中士夫不为君用,是自外其教者,诛其身而没其家,不为之过。”[3]
注释
- ^ 《明史·高启传》描述:“启尝赋诗,有所讽刺,帝嗛之未发也。及归,居青丘,授书自给。知府魏观为移其家郡中,旦夕延见,甚欢。观以改修府治,获谴。帝见启所见上梁文,因发怒,腰斩于市”。
- ^ 吕勉《槎轩集本传》:“寻有张度御史来,微行廉其迹,以先生尝为撰《上梁文》,王彝因浚河获佳砚为作颂,并目为党。”学者吴士勇认为:“魏观案”并非因魏观浚河道和修府治得罪吴帅所致,而是朱元璋借机报复诗人高启的幌子。
- ^ 吴晗:《朱元璋传》,百花文艺出版社2000年版,第294~295页。
参考书目
- 吴士勇:《“魏观案”探析——兼论诗人高启》,见《苏州大学学报》2005年第4期。
- 贾继用:《再论高启之死》,《温州大学学报 2011年第3期。
- 闵永军、许建中:《明初征辟制度与高启之死》,《江苏社会科学》2016年第3期
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