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体液

体液(Body fluid)是由及溶解在水中的电解质、低分子有机化合物蛋白质等物质组成,广泛分布于组织细胞内外。包括血液脑脊液胃液消化液精液唾液泪液汗液尿液阴道分泌液等。[来源请求]

在病理状态下,机体也会产生一些平常量少不易收集的体液[1],如肋膜积液(又称胸水)、腹腔积液(又称腹水)、心包膜积液、关节积液、各器官囊肿(cyst)积液等等。

分类

根据对于维持机体水、电解质平衡的作用,可将细胞外液分为功能性细胞外液和非功能性细胞外液。无功能性的细胞外液一半对维持水电解质平衡的作用较小,如脑脊液、关节液、胃肠液等,但其亦有可能造成水电解质平衡但严重失衡,如腹泻或呕吐时胃肠液等大量丢失导致脱水及电解质失衡[2][3]

组分

成人的体液总量约占体重的60%左右,在小儿中该比例更大。其中细胞内液约占体重的40%,细胞外液中,血浆约占体重的5%,组织间液约占体重的15%。[4]亦有上皮细胞分泌的分布在密闭的腔隙中的透细胞液(又称分泌液),约占体重的1%。[5]

细胞外液的主要阳离子为Na+,阴离子为Cl-、HCO3-和蛋白质;细胞内液的主要阳离子为K+和Mg+,主要的阴离子为HPO4- 和蛋白质。[6][7]

另见

参考

  1. ^ Guthrie, J.W. General Considerations when Dealing with Biological Fluid Samples. Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation. Elsevier. 2012: 1–19. ISBN 978-0-12-381374-9. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381373-2.00065-x (英语). Body fluids such as pleural effusion (abnormal accumulation of fluid between the two layers of pleura that line the chest cavity and surround the lung, difficult to collect) 
  2. ^ Nemeth, Valerie; Pfleghaar, Nicholas. Diarrhea. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2024. PMID 28846339. 
  3. ^ Davis, Amy; Bryant, Joe H. Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2024. PMID 29763194. 
  4. ^ 吴梦超. 外科学. 北京: 人民卫生出版社. 2018: 10. ISBN 978-7-117-26639-0. 
  5. ^ 肖献忠. 病理生理. 北京: 高等教育出版社. 2021: 15. 
  6. ^ 吴梦超. 外科学. 北京: 人民卫生出版社. 2018: 10. ISBN 978-7-117-26639-0. 
  7. ^ Terry, J. The major electrolytes: sodium, potassium, and chloride. Journal of Intravenous Nursing: The Official Publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society. 1994, 17 (5). ISSN 0896-5846. PMID 7965369 (英语). Within the extracellular fluid, the major cation is sodium and the major anion is chloride. The major cation in the intracellular fluid is potassium. 


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体液
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