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体感

体感,或称躯体感觉等,解释了生物感知触觉的能力,也称为触觉刺激。触觉的基础是表面灵敏度的机械性部分。

触觉是人类从胚胎在子宫内发育的第二个月开始的第一种感官能力。其他感官,例如听觉和视觉,则发展得更晚。刚出生的婴儿只能看到距其自身30厘米左右以内的事物,4周后听觉才能完全发育。[1] 但是在出生时,婴儿会经历温差、干燥的空气和照顾者的移动。这种触觉在嘴唇、舌头和指尖上尤为明显。因此,识别触摸并对其进行分类是人们学习第一语言。区分触摸自己和触摸他人是重要的第一步。[1][2]

体感是触觉压觉、温觉、痛觉本体感觉(关于肌肉和关节位置和运动、躯体姿势和运动以及面部表情的感觉)的总称。体感是和特殊感觉相对的一个概念。这些不同的体感模式源自不同类型的感受器。在哺乳类,体感的上行神经通路起源自身体不同部位的感受器,途经后柱-内侧丘系通路、脊髓丘脑前束、脊髓皮层前束和脊髓皮质后束,终于大脑皮层中央后回体感皮层[3]

上行体感通路通常包括三个神经元[4]:分别称为一级,二级和三级神经元。一级神经元的胞体位于脊髓后根神经节或三叉神经节或其它感觉性脑神经的神经节(头和颈部)。二级神经元的胞体位于脊髓脑干内,其轴突将交叉并进入对侧丘脑。三级神经元的胞体位于丘脑腹后核,其轴突终于大脑皮质后中央回,即初级体感皮层。

初级体感皮层对应于Brodmann分区系统3,2,1区。初级体感皮层内的区域与身体区域存在对应关系,这个关系称为体感皮质定位(Somatotopy)。传入体感信息较多的身体区域获得的皮层代表区域较大。比如手部在初级体感皮层中的代表区域比背部的大。体感皮质定位可用“体感小人”(Somatosensory homunculus)来表示。

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 TV-Dokumentation: Die Macht der sanften Berührung. Dorothee Kaden (Regie), Hessischer Rundfunk / Arte, Deutschland 2020.
  2. ^ Rebecca Boehme, Steven Hauser, Gregory Gerling, Markus Heilig: Distinction of self-produced touch and social touch at cortical and spinal cord levels. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. (PNAS) Band 116, Nr. 6, Januar 2019, S. 2290–2299, doi:10.1073/pnas.1816278116 (Volltext online页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)).
  3. ^ Nolte J. 2002. The Human Brain 5th ed. Mosby Inc, Missouri.
  4. ^ Saladin KS. 2004. Anatomy and Physiology 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
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体感
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