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骶管囊肿

骶管囊肿,又称塔勒夫囊肿(Tarlov cyst)[1]即是发生于骶管内的囊肿。本质上是硬脊膜憩室或脊神经根袖的病理性膨胀。1938年由美国神经学家 Isadore Tarlov 首次发现。

随着囊肿体积的不断增大,骶管内的马尾神经根受到压迫,进而被刺激或者损伤。同时骶管的骨性结构也可能被侵袭破坏[2]。一项磁共振研究显示[3],500例下腰部疼痛的受检者中有23例(4.6%)发现骶管囊肿,而其中只有5例有显示出了症状。

病因

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骶管囊肿的病因尚不明确,目前认为可能的病因包括脑脊液压力增高、先天性囊肿回流不畅、以及创伤应激反应等。临床上约半数(未精确统计)患者有明确的骶部外伤史,之后便出现急性或慢性的骶尾部疼痛。但并不能由此肯定外伤史与骶管囊肿的必然相关性,也可能有先天性的致病因素。

症状和体征

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骶管囊肿主要表现为骨盆前后以至下肢的坠胀、牵扯样疼痛。常合并蚁走感或便意等异样感。若骶丛神经受损则还可能出现性功能障碍和/或大小便失禁。与腰椎间盘突出不同,骶管囊肿所导致的疼痛主要限制于低位骶神经根的分布范围,所以主要是大小腿内侧、小腿后、足底、会阴、肛周等处。且疼痛部位多变、常累及双侧的不同部位。骶管囊肿很少导致典型的单侧坐骨神经痛。多数患者的疼痛症状与体位有关,一般卧位减轻,久立久行则加重。咳嗽、屏气、用力都可能加重疼痛[4]

病理和分型

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骶管囊肿多发于骶管内荐椎部分的S1-S3平面,故主要影响S1-S4神经根。囊肿内容物类似脑脊液,通过瘘管与腰大池末端相联通。蛛网膜下腔脑脊液就通过瘘管进入骶管囊肿,使其进一步扩大,压迫马尾神经根,并引起神经根性刺激性症状(如疼痛、抽动感、坠胀感)或神经功能毁损性表现(如肌萎缩、麻木、直肠或膀胱无力、严重便秘、尿潴留、尿频等)[2]

骶管囊肿分两型:Nabors IB型是不含有脊神经根纤维的硬膜外脊膜囊肿,属于硬脊膜憩室,由于内部没有神经根,一般早期没有症状,待体积很大才引起神经压迫症状。 Nabors II型是指内部有脊神经根穿行的硬膜外脊膜囊肿,本质上是马尾神经根袖的异常扩张。 很小的Nabors II型囊肿也可能产生神经症状[5]

影像学检查

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骶管囊肿磁共振影像
骶管囊肿造影图像

CT可以观察骶管囊肿所引起的骨质侵蚀,但不如磁共振显示囊肿清晰。磁共振是检查骶管囊肿的主要手段,磁共振T2相可以清楚地分辨骶管囊肿的位置、大小、与硬脊膜囊的关系、与神经根的关系等。

骶管囊肿造影可以显示囊肿是否与脑脊液循环相通,为手术提供参考。但对于体积较小的囊肿很难穿刺成功,所以不作为常规检查。

保守治疗

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如果骶管囊肿体积小,患者症状轻,无明显神经毁损性表现者,可以考虑保守治疗。可试用周围神经营养类药物,疗效尚不明确。保守治疗过程中,应避免用力、屏气、便秘等可能加重病情的因素。注意动态复查磁共振以了解病情进展情况。

手术治疗

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骶管囊肿的手术指征一般包括以下几点:腰腿痛或间歇性跛行,保守治疗无效,影响生活或工作;下肢神经功能损害表现,如下肢无力,感觉减退;植物神经功能损害表现,如会阴部感觉减退,直肠无力、膀胱无力、性功能障碍;骶管囊肿直径>1.5cm,骶管明显扩大,骨质破坏严重者[4]。及时手术,以免神经根功能进行性下降,最终无法挽回。 一般认为,囊肿抽吸、生物蛋白胶注入的方法[3]无法消除囊肿的占位效应,更无法解除脑脊液对囊肿周围神经的冲击,只能暂时降低囊肿内压力,没有长期疗效[6]。所以,如果保守治疗无效,应选择显微手术,通过封堵漏口以阻止脑脊液进入囊肿[4],然后通过折叠缝合技术、自体脂肪或带蒂肌瓣填塞的方法以消除囊肿空间[7][8]

预后

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体积中小的单发骶管囊肿手术效果较好,只要漏口封堵严密,复发率低。巨大、多发骶管囊肿容易术后复发,效果较差。

参考文献

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  1. ^ Singh, Pankaj Kumar; Singh, Vinay Kumar; Azam, Amir; Gupta, Sanjeev. Tarlov cyst and infertility. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 2009-01-01, 32 (2): 191–197 [2017-04-01]. ISSN 1079-0268. PMC 2678291可免费查阅. PMID 19569467. (原始内容存档于2017-04-03). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Acosta FL, Jr., Quinones-Hinojosa A, Schmidt MH, et al: Diagnosis and management of sacral Tarlov cysts. Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus 15:E15, 2003.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Paulsen RD, Call GA, Murtagh FR: Prevalence and percutaneous drainage of cysts of the sacral nerve root sheath (Tarlov cysts). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15:293-297; discussion 298-299, 1994.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Zheng X, Li S, Sheng H, Feng B, Zhang N, Xie C. Balloon-Assisted Fistula Sealing Procedure for Symptomatic Tarlov Cysts. World Neurosurg. 2016; 88:70-5.
  5. ^ Voyadzis JM, Bhargava P, Henderson FC: Tarlov cysts: a study of 10 cases with review of the literature. J Neurosurg 95:25-32, 2001.
  6. ^ Mummaneni PV, Pitts LH, McCormack BM, et al: Microsurgical treatment of symptomatic sacral Tarlov cysts. Neurosurgery 47:74- 78; discussion 78-79, 2000.
  7. ^ Caspar W, Papavero L, Nabhan A, et al: Microsurgical excision of symptomatic sacral perineurial cysts: a study of 15 cases. Surg Neurol 59:101-105; discussion 105-106, 2003.
  8. ^ Potts MB, McGrath MH, Chin CT, et al: Microsurgical Fenestration and Paraspinal Muscle Pedicle Flaps for the Treatment of Symptomatic Sacral Tarlov Cysts. World Neurosurg, 2015.
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骶管囊肿
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