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马林 (明朝)

马林(?—1619年),河北蔚州人,明朝名将马芳次子。

“雅好文学,能诗,工书,交游多名士,时誉籍甚”[1],以父荫累官大同参将,后来在万历二十年,顺义王扯力克絷献史、车二部长,林以制敌功,又进副总兵,万历二十七年擢署都督佥事,为辽东总兵官,曾经上书陈边务十策,文中多触文吏积弊,于是最终不能实行。后矿税使高淮横恣,林力与抗,被淮劾夺职,给事中侯先春论救,结果又被戍烟瘴,久之,方遇赦免。

萨尔浒之战中,马林被起用为北路主帅,率北路开原军出三岔口,三月初一抵尚间崖(在萨尔浒东北),得知杜松军兵败,不敢前进,将军队分驻三处就地驻扎,挖掘三层堑壕,将火器部队列于壕外,骑兵殿后,又命部将潘宗颜龚念遂分屯大营数里之外,以成犄角之势,构成一个品字形。大贝勒代善率八旗主力转锋北上,直攻尚间崖,努尔哈赤亲率三千精锐朝龚营最薄弱的一隅猛冲,三月初三,龚念遂营阵被破,龚念遂、李希泌战死,至午,努尔哈赤直奔尚间崖,命“先据山巅,向下冲击”[2],马林一时惊恐,立即命令壕内的精锐步兵出壕援助,努尔哈赤见马林营内与壕外兵汇合,又命“停止攻取山上,下马徒步应战”,大贝勒代善、二贝勒阿敏、三贝勒莽古尔泰各率军前后夹击,大败马林军,夺尚间崖,当时明军急发鸟枪、放巨炮,“火未及用,刃已加颈”。接着率兵一面强攻、三面包围飞芬山,潘宗颜“奋呼冲击,胆气弥厉。”[3]后金攻势猛烈,明军寡不敌众,宗颜战死,其死时“骨糜肢烂,惨不忍睹”[4]至此北路明军被歼。马林二子马燃、马熠,皆战死,“死者弥山谷,血流尚间崖下,水为之赤。”[5]马林忽闻“敌至,林甚恐,遂提部下兵,避其锋以去”[4],仅以数骑逃回开原。原本前来支援明军的叶赫贝勒金台吉布扬古则“闻明军败,大惊而遁”[6]。后来马林镇守开原,战死城中。[1]

评价

[编辑]

《明史马林传》:“林虽更历边镇,然未经强敌,无大将才。当事以虚名用之,故败。”“马芳三代为将,父子兄弟先后殉国,伟矣哉!”

注释

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 《明史·马林传》
  2. ^ 《清太祖高皇帝实录》
  3. ^ 《明史·潘宗颜传》
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 《明神宗实录》
  5. ^ 《明史·马林传》,《清太祖高皇帝实录》
  6. ^ 《清太祖高皇帝实录》

参考文献

[编辑]
  • 明史》卷二百一十一
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马林 (明朝)
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