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马棚 .
一间马棚的内部环境 马棚 ,也称马舍 、马厩 ( jiù ) 、马房 等,是一种用来圈养 马匹 的场所[a] 。一般根据所饲养马匹的用途,马棚周围还应该布置一些附属建筑。比如饲养赛马 专用的竞赛马 时,马棚周围可以布置赛马场 、游泳池 、洗马房、兽医院等等。[1]
分类
马棚的种类很多,可以根据气候 、建筑材料 、历史时期、文化类型等等因素来对马棚进行分类。最常见的分类方法是分成封闭式饲养与开放式饲养式。在封闭式饲养环境中,每匹马都有一个单独的单间。这种饲养方式可以保证马匹在冬季的取暖以及夏季免受阳光照射。根据马匹的大小,单间的大小不同,一般在8到12平方米之间。[2]
建筑材料
基本上,任何用于建造房屋的材料都可以用来建造马棚。而具体到马舍所用的地面时则可分为[3] [4] :
泥土 :泥土成本呢极为低廉,同时质地比较软,保温性能也比较好。不过缺点是不易打扫,影响环境,通常可以在泥土中掺入石灰、碎石等材料改善地面性能。
砖 砌:砖块导热性差,也具有保温性。不过当砖块吸收水分后在低温环境下容易变脆。
水泥 :质地坚硬,不透水。消毒、清扫起来方便,利于保持马棚卫生环境。不过由于水泥导热性好,导致其保温性较差。同时当水泥地表面积水时也容易打滑,需要在建造过程中将地面弄得粗糙一些防止打滑。有时为了避免水泥地面太冷,可以在水泥地上在布置一些垫料。
漏缝地板:由相聚一定距离的水泥条建造而成,便于处理马匹的排泄物,不过缺点是造价较高。
橡胶:橡胶地面的保温性、防滑性很好,也可以减少磕碰避免马匹受伤,不过相应的代价是成本比较高。除了整体铺设橡胶地面以外,也可以放置大块的橡胶垫垫等。[5]
结构
按照马棚的结构不同,可以分为单列式、复列式、统式、复合式、房屋式、楼式、棚舍式等等[3] [5] :
复列式:由两排马房和位于它们中间的通道组成。
统式:不设单间,在一个或几个较大的房间内饲养马匹。
复合式:由以上两种或几种组合起来而成。
房屋 式:房屋式为砖混结构,墙壁为砖块或石块。
棚舍式:棚舍式三面砌墙,另外一面敞开、
房屋式:分为上下两层,可以提高土地利用率。
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