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颖壳

稻米的谷壳

颖壳是谷粒外包的干燥鳞状的保护壳[1],也被称为稃壳(尤其用于颖片极度退化的谷类作物,例如水稻)。人类不能食用颖壳,但可以作为家畜饲料

谷粒的颖壳

带颖壳的一粒小麦小穗

禾本科(包括水稻大麦燕麦小麦等粮食作物)植物,每朵小花有一对鳞状薄膜的苞片包住,当颖果成熟,会被此对苞片外稃英语Lemma (botany)内稃英语palea (botany))及外围的苞片(颖片)[2]包裹,形成了干燥的颖壳(英语:husk);剥除后,就称作了谷壳(英语:chaff)。颖壳不同于糠层,后者是颖果的果皮种皮及其他组分的复合层。

野生的或者原始栽培品种,如一粒小麦[3]二粒小麦[4](即野生版的硬粒小麦)与斯佩耳特小麦[5],颖壳紧紧包覆住种子,无法脱去。但驯化的谷物(如硬粒小麦普通小麦)的颖壳易碎,较容易被人为的过程,例如脱粒时,自行裂开而脱去;这些品种被称作免脱壳或者“裸”(naked)[6]

松动并去除颖壳的过程即脱壳英语husking或称去壳,传统上通过研磨或者锤击。分离颖壳与种子称作扬谷扬场,是通过风力把轻的颖壳吹走,密实的种子落下,从而把二者分开。

粮食加工

收割下的稻穗或者麦穗,第一步是把谷粒与穗分开,这是脱粒或称打谷。传统办法是在田间或打谷场,用打谷机或连枷等完成脱粒;或者把谷穗绑成小捆,挥舞双臂使劲往板凳上击打,使谷粒脱落。为提高谷粒的回收率,已经脱粒过的谷穗均匀铺撒在打谷场,然后再由牛马牵引石磙子转圈碾场;劳动者用木叉将底下的谷穗翻上来继续碾压。碾场完毕,打谷场还要晒谷使其干燥、扬场以去除杂质。现代农业使用脱粒机来完成此工序。脱粒后的水稻称为稻谷

第二步是脱去颖壳。对于稻谷,称之为砻谷。现在使用砻谷机英语Rice huller完成此工序。脱壳后的稻谷称为糙米。小麦的脱壳比较容易。

第三步是去除种子的种皮与胚芽,称为碾米或磨面。传统使用碓臼来舂米英语Rice pounder。可以直接加工稻谷,舂出第一遍的米是糙米,还要再舂上一到二遍,再筛去米糠,最后得到精米。

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Daniel Jones. Peter Roach, James Hartman, Jane Setter , 编. Cambridge Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. 2006. 
  2. ^ 存档副本. [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-07). 
  3. ^ Potts, D. T. (1996) Mesopotamia Civilization: The Material Foundations Cornell University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-8014-3339-8.
  4. ^ Nevo, Eviatar & A. B. Korol & A. Beiles & T. Fahima. (2002) Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement: Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome.... Springer. p. 8. ISBN 3-540-41750-8.
  5. ^ Vaughan, J. G. & P. A. Judd. (2003) The Oxford Book of Health Foods. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-19-850459-4.
  6. ^ 存档副本. [2021-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-04). 
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