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非完整体

非完整体(imperfective aspect)是一种语法。它提及从特定观点可被看作正在进行的、惯常的、重复的或一般包含内部结构的行动。对立用法是完整体,它把行动看作一个单一整体。

英语实例

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在陈述句中,非完整体通常用来描述背景状况(“It was midnight. The room was dark. The rain was beating down. Water streamed in through a broken window. A gun lay on the table.”),而完整体用来描述行动(“Suddenly, a man burst into the room, ran over to the table, and grabbed the gun.”)。

俄语实例

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俄语未完成体(несовершенный вид)的时态有:过去时现在时将来时。其表示的意义为:

  1. 行为没有界限,表示在一定的时间行为持续的进行。
  2. 经常重复发生的行为,亦表示动作次序可能是同时发生。(也可由动作之间“逻辑关”来判断是“同时”,或“前”发生)。
  3. 说明行为的发展及持续等过程,注重行为本身有否发生。

除非另有规定,而一般动词的(未完成体)现在式,与(完成体)未来式的人称变化一样。一个句子用(完成体),或是(未完成体)的动词端视句子上下文、时态、及人物立场等因素来决定。[1]:p.84

汉语实例

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在汉语中,动词后的“著”、“起来”和“下去”,都可表示非完整体(《现代汉语时体系统研究》,1996)。

非完整体是相对于完整体而言的,它观察事件的方式是着眼于内部,对所观察的事件进行分解。一个事件的构成,有起始、持续、终结等;完整体把这些事件的构成都忽视,而非完整体或者反映事件的持续、或者反映事件的起绐、或者反映事件的继续。

“著”表示持续性,表明事件是处于其连续不断的过程之中,“起来"表示事件的起始部分,“下去”表示事件继续发生或进行。

汉语的方言中也有非完整体,例如粤语的“住”和“紧”(前者相当于普通话的“著”,而后者在普通话则没有相应的动词词尾)。

关连项目

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注释

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  1. ^ Östen Dahl, 1985. Tense and Aspect Systems. Blackwell.

外部链接

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非完整体
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