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雍季.
雍季(?—?),春秋时期晋国大臣。于城濮之战向晋文公建议有功。主要事迹被记载于《吕氏春秋·孝行览》的〈义赏篇〉。[1]
晋国将与楚国在城濮(今山东鄄城西南)交战。晋文公召大夫狐偃商讨对策。晋文公由于晋国与楚国军事力量相去悬殊,不知如何是好。狐偃表示可以用诈欺的方法取胜。文公又将狐偃的观点询问雍季,雍季即举出两个例子:“将泽中的水抽光,鱼便很轻易地被捉到,可是这泽中将无鱼可捕;将森林焚尽而打猎,禽兽便可以轻松地被擒猎,可是这地却再也无兽。诈欺虽然可以取胜于一时,却不可永久取胜,并非长期可用的良策。”在战时,晋文公采取狐偃的方法使楚国败北,战后赏赐有功之臣时,雍季获重赏,且高于狐偃之赏。左右谏文公,理应重赏狐偃而非雍季,文公则曰:“雍季的言论,是为百世利益着想。咎犯(狐偃)的言论,是为了一时的胜利。为一时利益着想之人所获的奖励,怎能高于为百世利益着想之人所获得的呢?”
后世,雍季向文公的谏言成为成语——涸泽而渔。
- ^ 《呂氏春秋·孝行覽》〈義賞篇〉.
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