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鹦哥鱼亚科

鹦哥鱼亚科
网纹鹦嘴鱼 (Scarus frenatus)
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 辐鳍鱼纲 Actinopteri
目: 隆头鱼目 Labriformes
科: 隆头鱼科 Labridae
亚科: 鹦哥鱼亚科 Scarinae
Rafinesque, 1810
  • 见内文

鹦哥鱼亚科学名Scarinae)或者传统上的鹦哥鱼科Scaridae),现为隆头鱼目隆头鱼科的一亚科,分布于全球热带和亚热带的浅海珊瑚礁或海藻丛中。[1][2][3]

特征

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鹦哥鱼类最大特征是具有鸟嘴状的齿板[4]及鲜艳的体色。鱼体呈长椭圆形略侧扁;吻成圆钝形,具单一背鳍,约有9枚硬棘及10枚软棘,另有一枚臀鳍和尾鳍及成对的胸鳍及腹鳍。鱼鳞为圆鳞且甚大,侧线鳞片顺着背鳍下方延伸到背鳍底端,而后下降一鳞之位置,并保持于中央延续到尾柄基部。口小,不外突出也不可以伸缩,除了颊部外,头部都无鳞片,齿板上下各2片,嘴角的齿板侧边有时有小而弯曲的分离犬齿一到数枚;喉部具咽头齿,尾鳍形状多变,从圆形到新月状,并随着体长增大而趋于双凹形。体色为鹦哥鱼种间区分上重要的特征。大多数的鹦哥鱼在成长过程中经历雌变雄的性转变,并伴随体色变化,因此以往鹦哥鱼在分类上往往具有许多不同学名的原因,大多数种类的长度达到30-50公分。[5][6]

黏液

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条纹鹦嘴鱼 在牠的粘液茧

一些鹦嘴鱼物种,会分泌粘液茧,尤其是在夜间[7]。在入睡之前,有些物种会从嘴里挤出黏液,形成一个包裹着鱼的保护茧,可能是为了隐藏其气味,防止潜在的掠食者发现[8]。这种黏液包膜还可以充当早期预警系统,当鹦嘴鱼检测到海鳗等捕食者扰乱膜时,它可以逃跑。皮肤本身覆盖着另一种黏液物质,这种物质可能具有抗氧化特性,有助于修复身体损伤或驱除寄生虫,此外还可以提供紫外线保护。

分类

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鹦哥鱼科传统上是鲈形目隆头鱼亚目下的一科,但由于并系群问题,隆头鱼目独立为一目,而旧有的隆头鱼科必须包含鹦哥鱼科及岩𬶮科才能组成单系群,因而将三科合并为一科。[9]

本亚科其下分10个属,如下:

大鹦嘴鱼属 Bolbometopon

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隐鹦嘴鱼属 Cryptotomus

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马鹦嘴鱼属 Hipposcarus

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纤鹦嘴鱼属 Leptoscarus

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  • 纤鹦嘴鱼 Leptoscarus vaigiensis:又称纤鹦鲤、蓝斑纤鹦嘴鱼。

鹦鲷属 Sparisoma

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生态

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隆头鹦哥鱼啃食珊瑚礁

鹦哥鱼主要生活在水深5至30米的热带浅海的珊瑚礁区,利用坚硬的鸟嘴状齿板及特殊的咽头齿啃食珊瑚,以珊瑚礁中的共生藻及长于珊瑚上膜状的藻类为食[10][11][12],可以防止珊瑚礁结构的藻类过度生长。无论它们以珊瑚、岩石或海草为食,基质都是在咽头齿来磨碎[12][13],当它们消化岩石中的可食用部分后,它们将其以沙子的形式排出体外,帮助形成小岛屿和沙滩,就生态平衡观点,鹦哥鱼啃食珊瑚是一种自然食物链而非对环境的破坏。

经济利用

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为中大型食用鱼类,食用时因肉质较糜烂以盐腌制1至2小时再煎或以温火烧烤。有些种类幼鱼因体色鲜艳可做为观赏鱼。一项新的研究发现,鹦嘴鱼对大堡礁的健康极为重要。它是数千种珊瑚礁鱼类中唯一定期执行刮擦和清洁近海珊瑚礁任务的鱼类。[14]

参考文献

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  1. ^ Streelman, J. T.; Alfaro, M.; Westneat, M. W.; Bellwood, D. R.; Karl, S. A. Evolutionary History of The Parrotfishes: Biogeography, Ecomorphology, and Comparative Diversity. Evolution. 2002-05, 56 (5): 961–971 [2021-12-13]. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 12093031. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01408.x. (原始内容存档于2022-12-16) (英语). 
  2. ^ Bellwood, David R.; Hoey, Andrew S.; Choat, J. Howard. Limited functional redundancy in high diversity systems: resilience and ecosystem function on coral reefs. Ecology Letters. 2003-04, 6 (4): 281–285. ISSN 1461-023X. doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00432.x (英语). 
  3. ^ Lokrantz, J.; Nyström, M.; Thyresson, M.; Johansson, C. The non-linear relationship between body size and function in parrotfishes. Coral Reefs. 2008-12, 27 (4): 967–974. Bibcode:2008CorRe..27..967L. ISSN 0722-4028. doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0394-3 (英语). 
  4. ^ Ostéologie céphalique de deux poissons perroquets (Scaridae: Teleostei) TH Monod, JC Hureau, AE Bullock - Cybium, 1994 - Société française d'ichtyologie
  5. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2015). Cryptotomus roseus. FishBase. Version 2015-09.
  6. ^ Shah, A.K. (2016). Cryptotomus roseus (Slender Parrotfish). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. The University of the West Indies. Accessed 11 March 2018.
  7. ^ Cerny-Chipman, E. "Distribution of Ultraviolet-Absorbing Sunscreen Compounds Across the Body Surface of Two Species of Scaridae." DigitalCollections@SIT 2007. Accessed 2009-06-21.
  8. ^ Langerhans, R.B. "Evolutionary consequences of predation: avoidance, escape, reproduction, and diversification. 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期14 June 2011." pp. 177–220 in Elewa, A.M.T. ed. Predation in organisms: a distinct phenomenon. Heidelberg, Germany, Springer-Verlag. 2007. Accessed 2009-06-21.
  9. ^ Betancur-R., Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume & Ortí, Guillermo. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2017, 17 (162). PMC 5501477可免费查阅. PMID 28683774. S2CID 26509184可免费查阅. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3可免费查阅. 
  10. ^ Bellwood, David R. A phylogenetic study of the parrotfish family Scaridae (Pisces: Labroidea), with a revision of genera. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement. 1994-07-14, 20: 1–86. ISSN 0812-7387. doi:10.3853/j.0812-7387.20.1994.51可免费查阅 (英语). 
  11. ^ Bellwood, D.R.; Choat, J.H. A functional analysis of grazing in parrotfishes (family Scaridae): the ecological implications. Environ Biol Fish. 1990, 28 (1–4): 189–214. S2CID 11262999. doi:10.1007/BF00751035. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Bonaldo, R.M. & R.D. Rotjan (2018). The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Parrotfishes as Coral Predators. in Hoey, A.S. & R.M. Bonaldo, eds. Biology of Parrotfishes. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1482224016
  13. ^ Murphy, Richard C. Coral Reefs: Cities Under The Seas. The Darwin Press, Inc. 2002. ISBN 978-0-87850-138-0. 
  14. ^ Australian Geographic. Single species may be key to reef health. September 2014. 
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鹦哥鱼亚科
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