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已然语气.
已然语气(realis moods、现实式/实现状/实然/现在、完成、习惯及进行与过去式)是用于表明事情为实际情况(实际是怎样或实际不是怎样;已经发生或正在发生的事件)一类语气;亦即,用于表明事情的状况为已知的一类语气。最常见的已然语气为"直陈语气"或"宣告语气"。因为并不是每种语言都有已然语气下的子类别,所以在有些语言中,已然语气等于"指示语气"(indicative mood) ,因而在中文中,常有混用译名的情况。[1][2]
直陈语气
直陈语气(indicative mood)或证据语气(evidential mood)用于事实性语句和有信心肯定为事实的情况。特定语言中没有归类为其他语气的所有意向都分类为直陈语气。它是最常用的语气并且可以在所有语言中找到。[来源请求]比如:“保罗正在吃苹果”或“约翰吃苹果”。
宣告语气
宣告语气(declarative mood)用于表示陈述为真而没有任何限定件条。在很多语言中它等价于陈述语气,尽管有时还是对它们作出区分。它密切关联于推论语气。declarative mood 在中文中没有常见译名。
一般语气
泛指语气(generic mood)用于普遍指称某一种类的事物,比如在“兔子跑得快”中,所讲的兔子泛指各种兔子,而非特指某些比其他兔子跑得快的兔子。英语没有构词方法来区分一般语气和直陈语气;但是,区别可以从周围的词语的语境中轻易理解出来。比如:“rabbits are fast”或“those rabbits are fast”。使用了指示代名词 those 则暗含了是专指特定的、确定的兔子,而省略了它就仅只预设暗含一般语气。
古希腊语有一种一般语气,所谓的“格言话语方式”,使用不定过去时直陈语气(通常保留给关于过去的陈述)。它特别用于表达关于世界的哲学真理。
generic mood 为中文中没有常见译名。
注释
- ^ 萧惠帆(Hsiao Hui-Fan),"5.2 实然--非实然与时--位的概念/从语法到教学论词汇来去的趋向和情态(The Modality of lai and qu 'come/go' in Mandarin Chinese)"[1][失效链接],硕士论文[92NTNU0612010],台湾师范大学,2003,ch5:p.7-9.
- ^ Белоусов В. Н. Наклонение. Русский язык. Энциклопедия 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: Научное издательство «Большая Российская энциклопедия»; Издательский дом «Дрофа». Гл. ред. Ю. Н. Караулов. 1997: 246, 721. ISBN 5-85270-248-X (俄语). (俄文)
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| 已然语气 (是什么) | |
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| 非已然语气 | 道义情态 (应该是什么) |
- 言语行为理论 (promises, threats)
- 指令语气 (commands, requests, requirements)
- Deliberative
- Hortative (+ subtypes)
- 祈使语气
- Jussive
- Necessitative
- Permissive
- Precative
- 抑制语气
- Propositive
- Volitive (hopes, wishes, fears)
- Desiderative
- Imprecative
- 祈愿语气
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| 认识情态 (可能是什么) |
- (inferences, possibilities, questions, etc.)
- Alethic
- Assumptive
- Deductive
- Dubitative
- Hypothetical
- Inferential/renarrative/oblique
- Interrogative
- Potential
- Speculative
- Subjunctive
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| 依赖情况 (会是什么) | |
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