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销售收入

销售或称销售收入,是一种会计科目,指企业通过主营业务,如售出商品、对外提供服务获得收入的活动。[1]

净销售,是指毛销售减去销货退回与折让、补贴。利润表中的“销售”是指净销售。[2]

营业收入一般是指毛销售。[3]

销货退回(sales returns)是对客户退回商品或开票给客户的贷记通知单英语credit note而返回给客户资金。

销售折让(sales allowances)是指商品发给客户后,由于商品被发现的质量、规格等不符合要求,销售单位同意在商品价格上给予的减让。见贷记通知单英语credit note

销售折扣(sales discounts)是在收据上注明:如果客户在期限内及时付款,可得到价格让步。例如“2/10, n/30”表示:如果在10天内支付货款可得到2%的折扣,否则应在30天内付清全款。

会计记账

发生一笔销售,复式记账法一般记载为:[4]

  • 贷记商品库存,借记销售成本
  • 贷记销售收入,借记应收帐或库存现金或银行存款。这里的金额应该是名义销售价格,不含销售折扣或补贴。

例子

普通日记账(顺序式)
日期 条目描述 借方 贷方
7-7 现金 200.00
  销售 200.00
销售10本书,20%折扣。
7-10 应收帐 125.00
  服务 125.00
咨询费


普通日记账 - 销货退回例子
日期 条目描述 借方 贷方
8-7 销货退回与销售折让 20.00
  应收帐 20.00
已记账的售出商品被客户退货时记账
8-7 库存 15.00
  销售成本 15.00
恢复商品库存


普通日记账 - 销售折扣例子
日期 条目描述 借方 贷方
9-1 应收帐 (客户A) 500.00
  销售 500.00
商品售出记账, 条款 2/10, n/30.
9-7 现金 490.00
销售折扣 10.00
  应收帐 (客户A) 500.00
A/R 客户A支付, 在2%折扣


收入:
销售 $2,000.00
销货退回与折让 $20.00
销售折扣 $10.00 $30.00
净销售 $1,970.00

会计结算

净销售 = 毛销售 (营业额) - (顾客折扣 + 退回 + 折让)
毛利润 = 净销售 - 销售成本 = 营业收入 - 营业成本
营业利润 = 毛利润 - 营业费用
息税前利润 = 营业利润 + (营业外收入 - 营业外支出)
纯利 = 息税前利润 - 利息支出 - 税 = 税前利润 - 税
纯利 = 净销售 - 销售成本 - 营业费用 + 营业外利润 - 利息支出 - 税

参考文献

  1. ^ Random House Dictionary, Revised Edition, 1975.
  2. ^ Williams, Jan R.; Haka, Susan F.; Bettner, Mark S.; Carcello, Joseph V. Financial Accounting 12th. Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. 2006: 261–263. ISBN 0-07-288467-3. 
  3. ^ Meigs & Meigs, Financial Accounting, Fourth Edition McGraw-Hill, 1983. p.124.
  4. ^ Pinson, Linda and Jerry Jinnett. Keeping the Books, Second Edition Upstart Publishing Company, Inc., 1993. p. 15. This is a simplified example.
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销售收入
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