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锺嵘.
锺嵘(?—518年),字仲伟,颍川长社(今河南长葛西)人。出身世族,父亲锺蹈曾任南朝齐朝中军参军。锺嵘与兄锺岏、弟锺屿“好学,有思理”,[1]精《周易》,有辞章修养,齐永明年间为国子生。在梁天监年间曾作过参军、记室等官。[1]
曾仿汉代“九品论人,七略裁士”的方式撰写《诗品》(原名《诗评》,北宋后改称为《诗品》),成书于梁武帝天监十二年(513年)以后,品评自汉至梁122位五言诗作家,齐梁之际,文学思潮浮靡讹滥,故书中提倡风力,反对玄言,是中国第一部专论五言诗的古典文学批评名著。
锺嵘建立了“历史法批评”方法,以探索源流及评定价值为两大要务:
- 他将从汉到齐、梁时代的一百多名诗人,分为上中下三品。‘一品之中,略以世代为先后,不以优劣为铨次。’其中上品11人,中品39人,下品72人,共122人。
- 他对于各家的作品,往往认为其源出于某人与某体,标出国风、小雅、楚辞为五言诗的三大系统。
- 《诗品》最成功之处,应在对各家诗歌风格之论析,往往极其中肯。
- 陶渊明虽置于中品,但其评语不仅备极推赏,而且能说出陶诗最大的优点,从评语来看,锺嵘对陶诗的推崇,实在超过对其他列为中品,甚至上品的诗家,只是碍于当时的文学风尚,以及锺嵘认为陶渊明的诗源自于中品的应璩,而《诗品》并没有“源下而流上”的例子,因此陶诗不能超过中品。
- 《诗品》亦有评曹操父子,锺嵘对曹操的作品评价“曹公古直,甚有悲凉之句。”,[2]将其置于下品,引起争议,[3]后世学者亦有认为曹操作品应置于上品。[4]一般认为是由于锺嵘喜五言诗,而曹操的作品以四言诗见长之故。
[在维基数据编辑]
- 在维基文库阅读此作者作品
- 《梁书/卷49》,出自姚思廉《梁书》
- ^ 1.0 1.1 《梁书》卷四十九
- ^ 《诗品》卷下
- ^ 明代王世贞《艺苑卮言》曾批评:“魏文不列乎上,曹公屈第忽下,尤为不公。少损连城之价。”
- ^ 清代王士祯《渔洋诗话》即认为:“下品之魏武,宜在上品。”
- 刘大杰《中国文学发展史》
- 叶庆炳《中国文学史》上册
- 《南史》(卷七十二)
- 《梁书》(卷四十九)
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