钩状回波
钩状回波（英语：hook echo）是某些超级单体雷暴中的一种垂坠或钩形天气雷达标志。它出现在风暴的较低部分，当空气和降水流入中气旋时，会导致反射率呈弯曲特征。回波是由雨水、冰雹甚至是围绕超级单体的碎片所产生的[1]。它是产生龙卷风的超级单体的经典特征之一[2]。国家气象局可能认为钩状回波与龙卷式涡旋特征同时出现时足以发布龙卷风警报[3][4]。
参考资料
- ^ Glickman, Todd S. (编). Hook Echo. Glossary of Meteorology 2nd. American Meteorological Society. 2000 [2023-07-03]. ISBN 978-1-878220-34-9. （原始内容存档于2023-07-07）.
- ^ Markowski, Paul M. Hook Echoes and Rear-Flank Downdrafts: A Review. Mon. Wea. Rev. 2002, 130 (4): 852–76. Bibcode:2002MWRv..130..852M. S2CID 54785955. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0852:HEARFD>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Angel, Jim. ISWS is Pioneer in Tracking Tornadoes by Radar. Illinois State Water Survey. 2013-04-09 [2013-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-01）.
- ^ Tornado Warning Guidance (PDF). National Weather Service. Spring 2002 [2013-06-16]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-03-06）.
延伸阅读
- 黎宏骏; 江伟. 冰雹與鈎狀回波. 香港天文台. 2020-09 [2023-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-07） （中文（香港））.
- Fujita, Tetsuya. Formation and Steering Mechanisms of Tornado Cyclones and Associated Hook Echoes. Monthly Weather Review. 1965-02-01, 93 (2): 67–78 [2023-07-03]. ISSN 1520-0493. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1965)093<0067:FASMOT>2.3.CO;2. （原始内容存档于2023-07-03） （英语）.
- Fujita, Tetsuya. MESOANALYSIS OF THE ILLINOIS TORNADOES OF 9 APRIL 1953. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 1958-06-01, 15 (3): 288–296 [2023-07-03]. ISSN 1520-0469. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1958)015<0288:MOTITO>2.0.CO;2. （原始内容存档于2023-07-03） （英语）.
- Wade, Patrick. Tornadoes' 'hook echo' discovered here 60 years ago. The News-Gazette. Champaign. 2013-04-07 [2023-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-03） （英语）.
- Burgess, Donald W.; Magsig, Michael A.; Wurman, Joshua; Dowell, David C.; Richardson, Yvette. Radar Observations of the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City Tornado. Weather and Forecasting. 2002-06-01, 17 (3): 456–471 [2023-07-03]. ISSN 1520-0434. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0456:ROOTMO>2.0.CO;2. （原始内容存档于2023-07-03） （英语）.
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