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金字牌.
金字牌,全称金字牌急脚递,是一种驿牌也称檄牌,是中国宋朝用来保证传递政府公文顺畅之一种通信凭证。北宋初年,邮驿通讯所用之凭信为纸制驿券。宋太祖时,有人诈使驿卷作乱,太祖就将其改为带有繁复装饰之银牌。后来发展为金字牌、青字牌和红字牌三大类。金字牌为朱漆金字木牌,用以表达传递信息之紧迫。
宋朝以金牌发送公文,始于宋神宗元丰六年(1083年),当时宋夏战争,兰州有紧急状态,当地政府官员用一尺长之木制通信檄牌,刻有朱漆金字:“御前文字,不得入铺”,驿吏不得在驿站内交接,而只能在马背上依次传递。故能日行400-500里,昼夜不停[1]。时人形容金字牌“过如飞电,望之者无不避路”[2]。途中如有延误,必受严惩,“稽留尺一罪至配流[3]”。
在宋朝影响下,辽、金、西夏等国[4]也开始使用金银驿牌,凭牌所到之处除保证交通便利外,还应提供食宿。元朝同样有金银牌,除方形[5]外也有圆形者[6],上书文字有八思巴字、畏兀儿字和汉字[7]三种。至清代时,金牌已经成为了权力象征。
岳飞
南宋绍兴十年(1140年),抗金名将岳飞在一日内被十二道金字牌从前线强迫传召回朝廷[8]。但有专有考证所谓一日发十二道金牌太过於戏剧性,朱仙镇距离临安2000多里,以当时交通工具的性能断不可能一日急行军500里以上。
李东阳写有词《金字牌》:“金字牌,从天来,将军恸哭班师回,士气郁怒声如雷。震边陲,幽蓟已覆无江淮。仇虏和,壮士死,天下事,安有此,国亡之,嗟晚矣!”。
参考书目
- 邓广铭,《岳飞传》
- 王曾瑜,《岳飞和南宋前期政治与军事研究》一书“班师的考证”
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