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里耶秦简

里耶秦简是在湖南西部里耶镇出土的36000余枚战国至秦朝竹简,记载了秦王政二十五年至秦二世元年的秦代历史。

“里耶”在秦代之名为“迁陵”。

里耶秦简

发掘过程

2002年6月,因建设碗米坡电站,中国对湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州龙山县里耶镇进行了抢救性考古发掘,发现了战国时期的古城、古井,并出土了36000余枚秦朝竹简。此古城是战国时楚国抵御秦兵的城堡。[1]

里耶秦简从古井淤泥中挖掘出土,与空气接触后快速氧化发黑,导致其记载文字难以辨识,后经湖南省考古所实验室以连二亚硫酸钠为主的调配液将氧化物脱色还原,里耶秦简字迹始得辨认。

内容

其中一枚写有“迁陵以邮行洞庭”7个古隶文字,被认为是中国最早的邮寄书信,距今已有2200多年。

发现“洞庭郡”,这一秦代郡名并未出现于传世文献中,而首见于里耶竹简。目前尚无法确知此一郡之所在位置。

根据之后的研究,里耶秦简中所载洞庭郡,其辖区与史记所载黔中郡辖区高度重叠,因此据信洞庭郡即为史记中所载黔中郡,而洞庭郡未见于过去史料记载可能原因为:黔中郡在战国时期楚国辖内,秦国统一之后改名洞庭郡,短短15年秦国覆亡,当地郡府旋即恢复旧名,这也许就是约莫50年后西汉时期出生的史记作者司马迁将洞庭郡记载为黔中郡的原因。[2]

里耶秦简的重要性在于其数量之庞大,约为过去发现秦简数量之和的九倍左右,且根据其所记载内容,确认为从秦王政25年(公元前222年)至秦二世2年(公元前210年)12年间的县府行政档案,内容从中央政令、行政区划,官吏任免、军事物资调度,甚至百姓欠款等县府大小琐事。

里耶秦简有别于过去对秦始皇焚书坑儒破坏礼制的印象有别的是,当中提及祭祀先农的官办仪式,这与秦前的春秋、秦后的西汉缅怀先祖的礼制活动无异。

参见

注释

  1. ^ 饶宗颐:《新出土文献论证》(上海:上海古籍出版社,2005),页240。
  2. ^ 里耶秦簡中所載之洞庭郡. [2018-01-21]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-21). 

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里耶秦简
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