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乡勇

清勇将领之一刘永福雕像。

乡勇清代的一种武装部队,道光30年(1850年)以前的乡勇是临时招募的地方武装辅助部队,没经过训练,即非正规军,类似现代民兵。他们随军战守,各自成营,称勇营。勇营只在战争发生时才临时设立,战争结束后勇营即解散。清朝镇压太平天国后一些勇营转变成陆军建制。[1]

源起

雍正八年(1730年),鄂尔泰镇压乌蒙部落时招募了一些乡兵,但旋募旋散,非经制之师。乾隆五十二年,福康安征乡勇弹压林爽文,嘉庆年间镇压川楚白莲教起义,清廷除了命地方举办团练外,还招募乡勇。从此相沿成例。

咸丰二年(1852年)曾国藩在乡勇基础上创建湘勇,定兵制,称练勇、勇营,即后来的湘军。咸丰十一年(1861年)李鸿章组织乡勇创建淮军湘军淮军等勇营在镇压太平天国捻乱战斗中逐渐壮大,甚至在镇压的过程中取代绿营八旗成为清军主力[2]。这些勇营在太平天国被镇压后成为清朝的正规军,清朝将原本属于湘军与淮军的勇营称为防军,这些部队继续保留,直到清末。民国初年军阀割据,土匪横行,地方士绅仍保有乡勇的地方武装组织。[3]

参考文献

  1. ^ 绿营、勇营的互渗. 刊名:中国近代史 主办单位:中国人民大学书报资料中心 期次:1996年05期. [2023-02-14]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-14). 
  2. ^ 艾绍扬等主编,行政管理小百科,中共党史出版社,1990.11,第321页
  3. ^ 勇營. 台湾大百科全书. [2023-02-14]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-14). 

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乡勇
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