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奥斯曼帝国的衰落.
十八世纪后期,奥斯曼帝国面临众多敌人。为了应对这些威胁,帝国发起了一项名为坦志麦特的内部改革,这项改革加强了奥斯曼帝国的中央集权。奥斯曼帝国政府对其人民的影响比以往任何时代都大。帝国的改革和现代化进程始于苏丹塞利姆三世统治期间[1]。尽管奥斯曼帝国当局试图改革,但帝国内依旧出现高涨的民族主义运动,特别是在巴尔干半岛上经常出现分离主义活动。帝国内无数次的起义和独立战争,以及俄罗斯在东北部和法国(后来英国)在北非的多次入侵,导致19世纪至20世纪初这段时间内帝国的领土不断丧失。1908年,奥斯曼军队按照西欧军队的模式进行了现代化和专业化,但是不久奥斯曼帝国参加了第一次世界大战并战败,最终于战后解体。
参考文献
- ^ Quataert, Donald. The Age of Reforms, 1812-1914. İnalcık, Halil; Donald Quataert (编). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914 2. Cambridge University Press. 1994: 762. ISBN 0-521-57456-0.
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