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逻辑推理.
逻辑推理中有三种方式:演绎、归纳和溯因。给定前提、结论和规则,而前提导致结论,例如:
- 前提:(可能因为/普遍次/某次)天下雨
- 规则:(可能因为)天下雨(普遍所以)地上湿
- 结论:(普遍所以/普遍次/某次)地上湿
- 演绎(Deductive reasoning):用来决定结论。它使用规则和前提来推导出结论。数学家通常使用这种推理。举例:"(可能因为)天下雨(普遍所以)地上湿。(某次)天下雨,(普遍所以)地上湿。"。
- 归纳(Inductive reasoning):用来决定规则。它借由大量的前提和结论所组成的例子来学习规则。科学家通常使用这种推理。举例:"(普遍次)天下雨,(普遍次)地上湿。(可能因为)天下雨(普遍所以)地上湿。"。
- 溯因(Abductive reasoning):用来决定前提。它借由结论和规则来支援前提以解释结论。诊断和侦探通常使用这种推理。举例:"(可能因为)天下雨(普遍所以)地上湿。(某次)地上湿,(可能因为)天下雨。"。
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