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连浊.
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连浊(日语:連濁),指日语中两个词组合构成复合词时,复合词后一部分的词首清音常变为浊音的现象。例如:
- 人(ひと) + 人(ひと) > 人々(ひとびと)
- 手(て) + 紙(かみ) > 手紙(てがみ)(书信)
并不是所有的场合都会发生连浊。目前还没有发现能解释所有连浊现象的规则,仅发现若干出现或不出现连浊的倾向性。
- 连浊多见于和语词,在汉语词中较少,外来词极少出现连浊。
- 名词 + 名词,构成并列、对等关系 > 不发生连浊。
- 构成修饰关系,第二部分的第二辅音为浊音 > 多不发生连浊(Lyman定律)。
- 前项词为后项词的主语或宾语 > 多不发生连浊。有些同属“名 + 动”型的复合词,当它兼有复合动词和复合名词时,一般发生连浊。
- 一般地,用言构成的复合动词不发生连浊,但其转成名词要浊化。
有人认为连浊是由早期日语的复合词中的以鼻音起首的助词(如属格の、与格に)被省略而致。上古日语的浊音据认为是由原始日语的 *m/n(V)与后续清音的组合转变而来的。不过根据研究,可能连浊在上古日语时已经是大致定形的产生复合词的语音现象了,因为一些连浊是无法用助词省略论来解释的。
- Bjarke Frellesvig. A History of the Japanese Language.
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