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速率常数

化学动力学中,反应速率常数,又称速率常数 kλ化学反应速率的量化表示方式。

对于反应物A反应物B反应成生成物C的化学反应,反应速率可表示成此式:

k(T)是反应速率常数,会随温度改变。假设反应发生在固定容积内,[A]和[B]代表两种反应物的莫耳浓度。

指数m和n称为反应级数,取决于反应机理,可由实验测定。将m和n相加,可得到反应的总级数。

温度

阿瑞尼斯方程式显示在反应进行时,反应速率和活化能之间的关系。反应常数可表达为

因此,若为一次反应,反应速率可写成以下的形式:

Ea活化能,R是气体常数。因为温度T的分子能量可依波兹曼分布求得,我们可预知能量大于Ea 的碰撞比例随e-Ea/RT 变化,A 是指数前因子(Pre-exponential factor英语Pre-exponential factor)或频率因子。

单位

速率常数的单位取决于反应的总级数。

  • 零级反应,速率系数的单位是mol L-1s-1 或 mol dm-3 s-1
  • 一级反应,速率系数的单位是s-1
  • 二级反应,速率系数的单位是Lmol -1s-1 或 mol-1 dm3 s-1
  • 对n级反应,速率系数的单位是mol 1-nLn-1s-1 或 mol1-n dm3n-3 s-1

参见

https://web.archive.org/web/20120331122216/http://www.chem.arizona.edu/~salzmanr/480a/480ants/chemkine.html

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速率常数
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