通变系统
通变系统（Diasystem）是一个语言学的名词，指同一种语言因为地理、政治、文字或其他非语言学的原因，而被认为是两种不同的语言系统。它不同于方言：方言可能是因为长久的分隔，而使语言间产生了语音上的变化，继而发展成为方言。但对于通变系统内的语言，却没有这种语音上的变化；不过亦有可能因为政治或地理环境的变化，而使用词有所不同。
例子
[编辑]- 印度斯坦语（印地语-乌尔都语）
- 塞克语（波斯尼亚语-克罗地亚语-塞尔维亚语）
- 丹挪语（丹麦语-书面挪威语-新挪威语）
- 奥克罗曼语（奥克语-加泰罗尼亚语）
- 葡萄牙-加利西亚语（葡萄牙语-加里西亚语）
- 马来语（马来西亚语-印尼语）
- 波斯语-塔吉克语-达里语
- 西北官话-东干语
- 泰语（泰语-老挝语）
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- Algeo, John, [Untitled review of The 麥考瑞辭典, American Speech, 1988, 63 (2): 159–163
- Allen, Harold B., Regional dialects, 1945-1974, American Speech, 1977, 52 (3/4): 163–261, doi:10.2307/455241
- Auer, Peter; Di Luzio, Aldo. Introduction. Variation and convergence as a topic in dialectology and sociolinguistics. Auer, Peter; Di Luzio, Aldo (编). Variation and convergence: studies in social dialectology. Sociolinguistics and language contact 4. 1988: 1–10.
- Bailey, Charles-James N., The integration of linguistic theory: Internal reconstruction and the comparative method in descriptive analysis, Stockwell, Robert P.; Macaulay, Ronald K.S. (编), Linguistic Change and Generative Theory, Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 22–31, 1972
- Ballard, W.L., Review: Linguistic change and the Saussurian paradox, American Speech, 1971, 46 (3/4): 254–270, doi:10.2307/3087780
- Bickerton, Derek, review of The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich by Peter Trudgill, Journal of Linguistics, 1975, 11 (2): 299–308, doi:10.1017/s0022226700004631
- Cadora, Frederic J., Some linguistic concomitants of contactual factors of urbanization, Anthropological Linguistics, 1970, 12 (1): 10–19
- Cadora, Frederic J., Contrastive compatibility in some Arabic dialects and their classification, Anthropological Linguistics, 1976, 18 (9): 393–407
- Chambers, J. K.; Trudgill, Peter. Dialectology. Cambridge textbooks in linguistics 2nd. Cambridge University Press. 1998.
- Crystal, David. Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics Sixth. John Wiley & Sons. 2011.
- De Schutter, Georges. Dialectology. Fried, Mirjam; Östman, Jan-Ola; Verscheuren, Jef (编). Variation and change: pragmatic perspectives. Handbook of pragmatics highlights 6. John Benjamins. 2010: 73–80.
- Francis, Winthrop Nelson. Dialectology: an introduction. Longman linguistics library 29. Longman. 1983.
- Frings, H.; Frings, M., The language of crows, Scientific American, 1959, 201 (5): 119–131, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1159-119
- Kurath, Hans, The binary interpretation of English vowels: A critique, Language, 1957, 33 (2): 111–122, doi:10.2307/410723
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina, Castilian Spanish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- McDavid, Raven, Jr. [untitled review of The Phoneme: Its Nature and Use by Daniel Jones]. Language. 1952, 28 (3): 377–386. doi:10.2307/410108.
- Petyt, K. M. The study of dialect: an introduction to dialectology. The language library. London: A. Deutsch. 1980..
- Pulgram, Ernst. Structural comparison, diasystems, and dialectology. Linguistics. 1964, 2 (4): 66–82. doi:10.1515/ling.1964.2.4.66.
- Sebeok, Thomas, [untitled review], Language, 1963, 39 (3): 448–466, doi:10.2307/411126
- Sledd, James H., Breaking, umlaut, and the southern drawl, Language, 1966, 42 (1): 18–41, doi:10.2307/411598
- Stockwell, Robert. Structural dialectology: A proposal. American Speech. 1959, 34 (4): 258–268. doi:10.2307/453704.
- Swadesh, Morris, On the analysis of English syllabics, Language, 1947, 23 (2): 137–150, doi:10.2307/410385
- Trager, George L.; Smith, Henry L, Jr. An outline of English structure. Studies in Linguistics occasional papers 3. Norman, OK: Battenberg Press. 1951.
- Trask, Robert L. A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. London: Routledge. 1996.
- Trubetzkoy, Nikolai, Phonologie et géographie linguistique, Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague, 1931, 4: 228–234
- Trudgill, Peter. The social differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge studies in linguistics 13. Cambridge University Press. 1974.
- Trudgill, Peter, On Dialect: Social and Geographical Perspectives, New York: New York University Press, 1983
- Weinreich, Uriel. Is a structural dialectology possible? (PDF). Word. 1954, 10: 388–400. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04）.
- Wells, John Christopher, Local accents in England and Wales, Journal of Linguistics, 1970, 6 (2): 231–252, doi:10.1017/S0022226700002632
- Wells, John Christopher, Accents of English: An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982
- Whorf, Benjamin Lee, Phonemic analysis of the English of Eastern Massachusetts, SIL, 1943, 2: 1–40
- Wolfram, Walt, Language knowledge and other dialects, American Speech, 1982, 57 (1): 3–18, doi:10.2307/455176
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Bailey, Charles-James N. Variation and Linguistic Theory. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics. 1973.
- Bickerton, Derek. Dynamics of a Creole System. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1976.
- Courthiade, Marcel. Quelques aspects du diasystème phonologique de la langue rromani. Faits de langue. 1997, 5 (10): 113–120. doi:10.3406/flang.1997.1175.
- Cochrane, G. R. The Australian English vowels as a diasystem. Word. 1959, 15: 69–88.
- Francescato, Giuseppe. Structural comparison, diasystems, and dialectology. Zeitschrift für romanische philologie. 1965a, 81: 484–491.
- Francescato, Giuseppe. Struttura linguistica e dialetto. Straka, G. (编). Actes du Xe congrès international de linguistique et philologie. Paris: Klincksieck. 1965b: 1011–1017.
- Moulton, William G. The short vowel systems of Northern Switzerland: a study in structural dialectology. Word. 1960, 37: 155–182.
- Moulton, William G. Structural dialectology. Language. 1968, 44: 451–466. doi:10.2307/411713.
- Weinreich, Uriel; Labov, William; Herzog, Marvin. Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. Lehmann, Winfred P.; Malkiel, Yakov (编). Directions for historical linguistics: a symposium. University of Texas Press. 1968: 97–195. （原始内容存档于2012-01-18）.
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
Cover photo is available under {{::mainImage.info.license.name || 'Unknown'}} license.
Cover photo is available under {{::mainImage.info.license.name || 'Unknown'}} license.
Credit:
(see original file).
