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过冷水

过冷水supercooled water,又译过冷却水)是指温度低于摄氏零度的液态

释义

过冷”(Supercooling)指降低流体温度,但不至于凝固的过程。如果液态的出现这过程,以致低于摄氏零度还呈现流动的液态,就称为过冷水

成因

如果降低气压,的确可以低于摄氏零度仍保持液态,不过在常压的自然环境下,液态摄氏零度通常会结,因此自然的过冷水不容易生成,不过有些时候,因为中缺少凝结核或其它原因,在0℃以下仍会保持液体状态。如果存在结晶核,低于其标准熔点的液体就会在核周围形成结晶结构,因而结冰。但是在缺少这样的核时,温度轴上的液体部分可以一直延伸,保持液状态,直到均匀核化结晶生成为止。

冻雨

当天然雨水中出现过冷水的情况,就称为“冻雨”(freezing rain)。2008年华南的雨雪灾害中,就曾出现过这情况。

冻雨的成因有几个条件:

  1. 水汽充足
  2. 地面气温长时间低于摄氏零度
  3. 高空有逆温层(inversion),气温比地面高

水汽充足提供持续降的条件,南方本来湿度大,到达逆温层时融化成雨水形成后落向地面,基本处于自由落体状态,是平稳的状态,而气温低于零度,接近地面时,迅速冷却,形成了过冷水滴。由于过冷水性质不稳定,当这些“冻雨”落到地面,一跟物体接触上时,其平稳状态就等于受到了干扰,来不及流动(大范围流动)就会马上结。这样的冻雨如果落在鸟儿身上时,鸟儿来不及改变站姿就会被冻在冰壳内[1],华南雨雪灾害期间就曾出现过这状况。

过冷水的雨滴(冻雨)凝固在电线杆上
过冷水的雨滴落在一棵苹果属的树上造成雨凇。

另见

参考文献

  1. ^ 图20120812页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).见:2008年雨雪冻灾.FOTOE.COM,2008-2-5 [2011-9-3]

外部链接

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过冷水
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