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转移支付

经济学上,转移支付(英语:Transfer Payment)是通过政府无偿支出实现社会收入和财富再分配的一种手段,该支出不涉及商品或服务的交换(与交易相对)。转移支付的过程中既不涉及消耗生产要素,也不会增加社会产出,通常被认为是无损耗的。[1]生活中常见的社会福利社会保障以及政府对特定企业补贴等都属于转移支付的一种体现。

转移支付不像贸易一样交易双方相互获益,一般都是支付方无偿授予接收方价值物,接受方不需要给予支付方任何回报。转移支付可以发生于个人和社会实体之间,譬如私人公司与政府组织之间,通常受到支付方的利他心或接受方的敌意驱使,交易既可能自主自愿也可能具有强制性[2]。为了便于计算国内生产总值,政府支出一般不计入转移支付,转移支付也是财富的一种重新配置,并不用来直接购买新近生产的商品或者服务[3]

支付形式

现金

全球有超过1亿贫困人口受政府转移支付保障,据估计有90%的高收入国家通过电子转账进行转移支付,而在半数以上的发展中国家则多是通过现金和支票。向受益人发放现金是最为常见的转移支付手段,然而这种转移支付项目一般受到3种因素的制约:财政资源、治理能力和意识形态,尤其是在南方不发达国家英语Global South[4]。在一些较为贫穷的国家,现金转移支付则可能造成通货膨胀等负面的社会效应,因而政府不愿意实行这种项目[5]

实物支付

政府和为住户服务的非营利机构(简称NPISH)的实物转移支付包括个人商品和服务,这些资源通常不是从市场获取,而是出自政府和机构的非市场产出[6],典型有:

  • 房屋抵偿金
  • 其它有关社会保障实物
  • 实物社会救济
  • 发放的个人所有的非市场产商品和服务

相关条目

参考资料

  1. ^ Bishop, Matthew. Economics A–Z terms beginning with T –transfer. The Economist. 2012 [11 July 2012]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-13). Payments that are made without any good or service being received in return. Much Public Spending goes on transfers, such as pensions and WELFARE benefits. Private-sector transfers include charitable donations and prizes to lottery winners. 
  2. ^ Lampman, Robert J., Transfer Payments, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Palgrave Macmillan UK: 1–3, 2016, ISBN 9781349951215, doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1755-1 (英语) 
  3. ^ Hall, Robert E.; Lieberman, Marc. Chapter 6: Production, Income, and Employment. Macroeconomics: Principles and Applications. Cengage Learning. 2012: 145 [2020-05-15]. ISBN 978-1-111-82235-4. (原始内容存档于2020-10-17). 
  4. ^ Rachel Slater; Farrington, John. Cash Transfers: Targeting. Overseas Development Institute. November 27, 2009. (原始内容存档于July 4, 2011). 
  5. ^ McCord Anna. Cash Transfers and Political Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Overseas Development Institute. November 2009. (原始内容存档于2011-07-04). 
  6. ^ OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Social transfers in kind Definition. stats.oecd.org. [2019-04-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-10). 

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转移支付
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