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载流回路

电磁学里,载流回路current carrying loop)定义为载有电流的“闭合回路”(closed loop)。载流回路是一种理论元件,并没有设定这回路的材料为什么,也没有设定回路的物理性质。所以术语“载流回路”给出的信息是

  1. 这回路载有电流。
  2. 设定这回路的任意一点为初始点。从这初始点顺着回路路径移动,必定会再遇到初始点。在这移动路途中间,不会重复地经过任何一点多于一次。继续再移动于回路路径,只会重复地遇到先前经过的点。这回路是闭合回路。

平面回路

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在一条处于平面的载流回路中,磁偶极矩电流乘于回路面积:

其中, 为磁偶极矩, 为电流, 为面积矢量。

面积矢量和磁偶极矩的方向是由右手定则给出:顺着电流方向,将四根小手指朝着手掌弯曲,伸直大拇指,则大拇指所指的方向即是面积矢量的方向,也是磁偶极矩的方向。

任意回路

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对于任意回路案例,假设回路载有电流 ,则其磁偶极矩为

其中, 是积分曲面, 是微小面积元素,

引用矢量积分恒等式

其中, 边缘的闭合回路, 是微小线元素, 的位置。

所以,

力矩和能量

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载流回路在磁场中的力矩 能量 ,与磁矩的关系为:

其中, 为磁场。

参阅

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载流回路
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