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轧空

轧空(英语:short squeeze),又称逼空空头挤压,是股市术语之一,主要因市场供求关系,而非公司基本面变化而发生。当做空者被迫平仓(清空仓位)而不断买入标的股票时,市场上出现股票的需求量远超过市面流通量情况,因供应不足而导致价格陡升现象发生时,可能出现轧空[1]

具体解释

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做空是一种金融交易手法,其具体策略是做空者借入股票后立即将其出售,希望有投资者以低价买入这些股票。做空者最后必须将这些股票归还给借贷方(且需要加上利息)。因此若多方买入股票的价格低于空方卖出股票的价格,空方即可获利。然而预测股票价格非常困难,意外利好亦可能使得股票上涨,导致做空者出现亏损。在这种情况发生时,空方可能以比借入时更高的价格买入其借贷的股票,以防止出现股价进一步上涨使其亏损增加的情况。当空方购入股票以弥补仓位,购买量大于市场供给量时,就出现了轧空。购买股票补仓的操作会增加被做空的股票的市值,从而引发更多做空者买入股票补仓,这种循环可能导致股价更大的上涨[2][3][4]。借入、购买和售出股票的时机可能导致总股本以上的股份数被做空[5][6]。这种情况下,投机行为被称为裸做空英语naked short selling(naked short selling)。做空率过高的股票容易出现轧空的情况。高昂的借贷利率可能会增加做空者补仓的压力,从而进一步加剧轧空现象。且股价井喷可能进一步导致追加保证金的情况,进而更加拉高股价,对空方形成恶性循环。

轧空较易发生在小盘股或成交不活跃的股票上。但股票流通量不足,且大多数持股者惜售时,也可能有轧空情况出现[7]

轧空的相反情况是轧多英语long squeezelong squeeze),比轧空更少出现。在期货市场上亦有轧空现象发生[8]

案例

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2008年10月,由于保时捷试图收购大众汽车,导致大众汽车股票出现短暂轧空现象,其在德国DAX指数上的股价在不足两天的时间内从210.85欧元飙升至超过1,000欧元,一度成为世界市值最昂贵的公司[9][10]。保时捷CEO温德林·维德金英语Wendelin Wiedeking因在事件中角色而被指控操纵市场英语market manipulatio[11]

2012年,美国证券交易委员会指控菲利普·法尔科内英语Philip Falcone对MAAX控股发行的一系列高利率债券进行轧空。在得知有公司做空债券后,法尔科内购买了全部债券,并将债券借给做空者,且在交易员售出时买回。这使得法尔科内持有的债券数超过了MAAX发行的债券总数。此后法尔科内停止借出债券,使空方无法清算仓位,引发债券价格暴涨[12][13]。空方被迫直接联系法尔科内,以进行平仓[13]

2015年11月,马丁·什克雷里英语Martin Shkreli对经营困难的生物技术公司KaloBios(KBIO)发动轧空,导致该公司股价在五个交易日内井喷10,000%。做空者曾认为KBIO公司“毫无疑问即将破产”[14]

发生于2021年1月的游戏驿站轧空事件现在仍在进行[15][16]。该事件由Reddit上的华尔街赌场讨论版引发[17][18]。这次轧空令游戏驿站股价在2021年1月28日创出483美元的历史高位[19]

相关条目

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  • 做空比例英语Short interest ratio:做空比例过高的股票因市面上流通股不足,而容易成为轧空对象。
  • 伽玛挤压英语Gamma squeeze:因投资者大量购买期权导致股价井喷的现象。

参考资料

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  1. ^ Short Squeeze. [2010-09-17]. (原始内容存档于2010-09-18). 
  2. ^ Constable, Simon. What Is a Short Squeeze?. Wall Street Journal. 2015-12-06 [2021-01-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-23). 
  3. ^ Powell, Jamie. GameStop can’t stop going up. FT Alphaville. 2021-01-25 [2021-01-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-26). 
  4. ^ Stewart, Emily. The GameStop stock frenzy, explained. Vox. 2021-01-28 [2021-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-28) (英语). 
  5. ^ Caplinger, Dan. Yes, a Stock Can Have Short Interest Over 100 Percent. The motley fool. 2021-02-01 [2021-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-29) (英语). 
  6. ^ Lewis SizemoreCaplinger, Charles. What Exactly Is a Short Squeeze?. Kiplinger. 2021-02-01 [2021-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-29) (英语). 
  7. ^ Short Squeezes. Investors Underground. [2016-11-11]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-08). 
  8. ^ Thomas, John. A Short Squeeze In Corn May Hit The Market. 2010-09-13 [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-27). 
  9. ^ Gow, David. Porsche makes more VW stock available to desperate short-sellers. The Guardian. 29 October 2009 [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-04). 
  10. ^ Krstić, Ivan. How Porsche hacked the financial system and made a killing. 2009-01-07 [2010-11-25]. (原始内容存档于2010-08-15). 
  11. ^ Freispruch für Wiedeking rechtskräftig. Spiegel Online. 2016-07-28 [2017-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-13). 
  12. ^ Henning, Peter J. In Case Against Philip Falcone, a Warning to Others. New York Times. 2012-06-28 [2021-01-29]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-02). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Levine, Matt. GameStop Is Just a Game. Bloomberg Opinion. 2021-01-26 [2021-01-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-29). 
  14. ^ How Martin Shkreli caused a 10,000% squeeze on KBIO. Mox Reports. 2018-08-01 [2021-01-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-22) (英语). 
  15. ^ Smith, Connor. Short Squeeze Sends GameStop Shares to 2007 Levels. What Happens Next.. Barrons. [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-24). 
  16. ^ Ferré, Ines. GameStop shares soar 50% as massive short squeeze forges ahead. Yahoo! Sports. [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-25). 
  17. ^ Li, Yun. GameStop mania explained: How the Reddit retail trading crowd ran over Wall Street pros. CNBC. January 27, 2021 [2021-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-27). 
  18. ^ D'Anastasio, Cecilia. A Fight Over GameStop's Soaring Stock Turns Ugly. Wired. [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-24) (美国英语). 
  19. ^ NYSE GAMESTOP CORPORATION GME. www.nyse.com. [2021-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-19). 

外部链接

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轧空
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