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蹋顿

蹋顿(?—207年),也作蹹顿[1]东汉末年辽西郡一带的乌桓酋长,最终死于白狼山之战

生平

汉献帝初平年间,丘力居单于去世,儿子楼班年幼,从子蹋顿有武勇智略,因此由他代立为单于。并总领辽西郡右北平郡辽东郡三郡的乌丸部落,各部众皆听从他的号令,深受部族的拥戴信服。

东汉建安初年,遣使向袁绍求和。建安四年(199年),在袁绍公孙瓒相争之际,蹋顿曾出兵协助袁绍,击破公孙瓒。袁绍因此假传朝廷诏命,赐予蹋顿及三王上谷大人难楼、辽东大人苏仆延、右北平大人乌延等人单于称号及印绶。后来楼班长大,难楼、苏仆延率其部众奉立楼班为单于,蹋顿于是退位为王,总长乌桓事宜。

袁绍死后,建安十年(205年),继承人袁尚曹操击败,转而求助蹋顿,当时逃到乌桓的两州官民有十万多户,袁尚企图凭着这些人力夺回河北。以三郡乌桓兵攻犷平,为曹操所败,逃回。建安十二年(207年),曹操亲自出征乌桓。八月,在柳城(今辽宁锦西西北)白狼山大破乌袁联军,曹纯虎豹骑俘获蹋顿[2],蹋顿当阵为张辽斩杀。[3]曹操大喜,把蹋顿头颅挂在马鞍上,兴奋地在马上鼓掌跳舞。[1]曹操继续挥军追击,收降胡、汉人口二十多万人,尽被迁至内地,乌桓后逐渐与汉族融合。

艺术形象

三国演义

在《三国演义》三十三回中有描写到袁绍和与乌桓的友好关系,蹋顿于袁尚、袁熙兵败北逃后仍然相助其抗曹。曹操骑着马在白狼山的高处瞭望,见蹋顿军的人数虽多,但阵形不整,于是对张辽说:“敌兵不整,便可击之。”之后张辽带领许褚于禁徐晃三人兵分四路下山,乘敌军阵形变动之时,发动猛攻。蹋顿兵阵形大乱,张辽并将蹋顿斩于马下。

影视

  • 2013年电视剧《新洛神》:杨小乐饰演蹋顿

漫画

评价

  • 陈寿三国志》:“蹋顿又骁武,边长老皆比之冒顿,恃其阻远,敢受亡命,以雄百蛮。”
  • 范晔后汉书》:“石槐骁猛,尽有单于之地;蹋顿凶桀,公据辽西之土。其陵跨中国,结患生人者,靡世而宁焉。然制御上略,历世无闻;周、汉之策,仅得中下。将天之冥数,以至于是乎?”
  • 叶适:“以汉髙灭秦、项之威,而匈奴项领,受围平城。光武百战百克,遂定海内,而卢芳连胡扰边,终其身不能屈。乌丸蹋顿之暴,不减前世。曹操亲伐,一战斩之,徙其部落,遂为名骑,所向有功,何其壮也。”

相关文献

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 《太平御览》卷574引《英雄记》:十二年,攻乌桓蹹顿,一战斩蹹顿首,系马鞍,于马上抃舞。
  2. ^ 陈寿,《三国志》,卷09,〈诸夏侯曹传·曹仁附曹纯传〉
  3. ^ 陈寿,《三国志》,卷17,〈张乐于张徐传〉
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蹋顿
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