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跳蛛科

跳蛛科
化石时期:第三纪至现代
Platycryptus undatus
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲: 蛛形纲 Arachnida
目: 蜘蛛目 Araneae
亚目: 背突蛛亚目 Opisthothelae
下目: 新蛛亚目 Araneomorphae
总科: 蝇虎总科 Salticoidea
科: 跳蛛科 Salticidae
Blackwall, 1841

570属[1]详见内文

跳蛛科(学名:Salticidae)又名蝇虎科,或称“”(读音同“隙”),是蜘蛛目的一科,也是蝇虎总科的唯一科。

分类

[编辑]

根据ITIS引用的2011年数据,本科之下有570个[1]。部分动物学家尝试将这些属分类,但结果绝大多数分类仍被归入跳蛛亚科。

下列部分本科的属[2]

  • 豹跳蛛属 Aelurillus
  • 暗跳蛛属 Asemonea
  • 亚蛛属 Asianellus
  • 艾图蛛属 Attulus Simon, 1889
    • Attulus albolineatus (Kulczyński, 1895)
    • Attulus ammophilus (Thorell, 1875)
    • Attulus ansobicus (Andreeva, 1976)
    • Attulus atricapillus (Simon, 1882)
    • Attulus avocator (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
    • Attulus barsakelmes (Logunov & Rakov, 1998)
    • Attulus burjaticus (Danilov & Logunov, 1994)
    • Attulus caricis (Westring, 1861)
    • Attulus cautus (G.W.Peckham & E.G.Peckham, 1888)
    • Attulus clavator (Schenkel, 1936)
    • Attulus croceus Logunov, 2023
    • Attulus cutleri (Prószyński, 1980)
    • Attulus damini (Chyzer, 1891)
    • Attulus diductus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
    • Attulus distinguendus (Simon, 1868)
    • Attulus dubatolovi (Logunov & Rakov, 1998)
    • Attulus dudkoi (Logunov, 1998)
    • Attulus dzieduszyckii (L.Koch, 1870)
    • Attulus eskovi (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1995)
    • Attulus fasciger (Simon, 1880)
    • Attulus finschi (L.Koch, 1879)
    • Attulus floricola (C.L.Koch, 1837)
    • Attulus godlewskii (Kulczyński, 1895)
    • Attulus goricus (Ovtsharenko, 1978)
    • Attulus hirokii Ono & Ogata, 2018
    • Attulus inexpectus (Logunov & Kronestedt, 1997)
    • Attulus inopinabilis (Logunov, 1992)
    • Attulus japonicus (Kishida, 1910)
    • Attulus karakumensis (Logunov, 1992)
    • Attulus kazakhstanicus (Logunov, 1992)
    • Attulus longipes (Canestrini, 1873)
    • Attulus mirandus (Logunov, 1993)
    • Attulus monstrabilis (Logunov, 1992)
    • Attulus montanus (Kishida, 1910)
    • Attulus nakamurae (Kishida, 1910)
    • Attulus nangrahar Logunov, 2021
    • Attulus nenilini (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1993)
    • Attulus niger (Dyal, 1935)
    • Attulus nitidus (Hu, 2001)
    • Attulus niveosignatus (Simon, 1880)
    • Attulus penicillatus (Simon, 1875)
    • Attulus penicilloides (Wesołowska, 1981)
    • Attulus pubescens (Fabricius, 1775)
    • Attulus pulchellus (Logunov, 1992)
    • Attulus pusio (Simon, 1871)
    • Attulus relictarius (Logunov, 1998)
    • Attulus rivalis (Simon, 1937)
    • Attulus rupicola (C.L.Koch, 1837)
    • Attulus saevus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
    • Attulus saganus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
    • Attulus saltator (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1868)
    • Attulus sinensis (Schenkel, 1963)
    • Attulus striatus (Emerton, 1911)
    • Attulus subadultus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
    • Attulus sylvestris (Emerton, 1891)
    • Attulus talgarensis (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1993)
    • Attulus tannuolana (Logunov, 1991)
    • Attulus terebratus (Clerck, 1757)
    • Attulus vilis (Kulczyński, 1895)
    • Attulus zaisanicus (Logunov, 1998)
    • Attulus zimmermanni (Simon, 1877)
  • 巴希拉属 Bagheera
  • 巴韦蛛属 Bavia
  • 菱头蛛属 Bianor
  • 贝塔蛛属 Brettus
  • 布氏蛛属 Bristowia
  • 缅蛛属 Burmattus
  • 猫跳蛛属 Carrhotus
  • 铜蛛属 Chalcoscirtus
  • 螯跳蛛属 Cheliceroides
  • 华蛛属 Chinattus ,1 种
  • 华斑蛛属 Chinophrys
  • 丽跳蛛属 Chrysilla
  • Clynotis Simon, 1901[3]
  • Colopsus Simon, 1902[4]
    • Colopsus arkavathi Caleb, 2022[5]
    • Colopsus cancellatus Simon, 1902
    • Colopsus cinereus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
    • Colopsus ferruginus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
    • Colopsus longipalpis (Żabka, 1985)
    • Colopsus magnus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
    • Colopsus tenuesi Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
  • 剑蛛属 Colyttus
  • 华美蛛属 Corusca
  • 双管跳蛛属 Cyrba
  • 胞蛛属 Cytaea 1 种
  • 追蛛属 Dendryphantes
  • Diolenius Thorell, 1870
    • Diolenius albopiceus Hogg, 1915
    • Diolenius amplectens Thorell, 1881
    • Diolenius angustipes Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
    • Diolenius armatissimus Thorell, 1881
    • Diolenius bicinctus Simon, 1884
    • Diolenius decorus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
    • Diolenius infulatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
    • Diolenius insignitus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
    • Diolenius lineatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
    • Diolenius lugubris Thorell, 1881
    • Diolenius minotaurus[6]
    • Diolenius paradoxus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
    • Diolenius phrynoides (Walckenaer, 1837)
    • Diolenius redimiculatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
    • Diolenius sarmiensis Gardzińska & Patoleta, 2013
    • Diolenius varicus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
    • Diolenius virgatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
  • Diplocanthopoda Abraham, 1925[3]
    • Diplocanthopoda marina Abraham, 1925
  • 右蛛属 Dexippus 1 种
  • Edwardsya Ruiz & Bustamante, 2016
    • Edwardsya igapo Ruiz & Bustamante, 2016
    • Edwardsya simoni (Taczanowski, 1871)[7]
  • 艾普蛛属 Epeus Peckham & Peckham,1886[8]
  • 艳蛛属 Epocilla
  • 尧奇蛛属 Euochin Prószynski, 2018
  • 斑蛛属 Euophrys C.L.Koch, 1834[3],侏斑蛛属
  • 尤波蛛属 Eupoa Zabka, 1985
  • 猎蛛属 Evarcha Simon, 1902
  • 羽蛛属 Featheroides Peng, Yin, Xie & Kim, 1994
  • 潜叶蛛属 Foliabitus
  • 格德蛛属 Gedea
  • 胶跳蛛属 Gelotia
  • Ghatippus Marathe & Maddison, 2024
    • Ghatippus paschima Marathe & Maddison, 2024[9]
  • 美蛛属 Habrocestum Simon, 1876
  • 苦役蛛属 Hakka Berry & Prószynski, 2001
  • 蟆蛛属 Harmochirus ,哈莫蛛属, 1 种
  • 哈蛛属 Hasarina
  • 哈沙蛛属 Hasarius ,蛤沙蛛属
  • 闪蛛属 Heliophanus
  • 蝇象属 Hyllus
  • 翘蛛属 Irura Peckham et Peckham, 1901
  • 兰格蛛属 Langerra
  • 兰戈纳蛛属 Langona
  • 劳弗蛛属 Laufeia Simon, 1889
    • Laufeia aenea Simon, 1889
    • Laufeia aerihirta (Urquhart, 1888)
    • 版纳劳弗蛛 Laufeia banna Wang & Li, 2021
    • Laufeia concava Zhang & Maddison, 2012
    • Laufeia eximia Zhang & Maddison, 2012
    • Laufeia longapophysis Lei & Peng, 2012
    • Laufeia sasakii Ikeda, 1998
    • Laufeia sicus Wu & Yang, 2008
    • Laufeia zhangae Wang & Li, 2022
  • 莱奇蛛属 Lechia Zabka, 1985
  • 马卡蛛属 Macaroeris Wunderlich, 1992
    • Macaroeris albosignata Schmidt & Krause, 1996
    • Macaroeris asiatica Logunov & Rakov, 1998
    • Macaroeris cata (Blackwall, 1867)
    • Macaroeris desertensis Wunderlich, 1992
    • Macaroeris diligens (Blackwall, 1867)
    • Macaroeris flavicomis (Simon, 1885)
    • Macaroeris litoralis Wunderlich, 1992
    • Macaroeris moebi (Bösenberg, 1895)
    • Macaroeris nidicolens (Walckenaer, 1802)
  • 马拉蛛属 Maratus Karsch, 1878
  • 马伦戈蛛属 Marengo Peckham & Peckham, 1892
    • Marengo batheryensis Sudhin, Nafin, Benjamin & Sudhikumar, 2019
    • Marengo crassipes G.W.Peckham & E.G.Peckham, 1892
    • Marengo deelemanae Benjamin, 2004
    • Marengo ganae Wang & Li, 2022
    • Marengo inornata (Simon, 1900)
    • Marengo nitida Simon, 1900
    • Marengo rattotensis Benjamin, 2006
    • Marengo sachintendulkar Malamel, Prajapati, Sudhikumar & Sebastian, 2019
    • Marengo striatipes Simon, 1900
    • 唐氏马伦戈蛛 Marengo tangi Wang & Li, 2021
    • Marengo zebra Sudhin, Nafin, Benjamin & Sudhikumar, 2019
    • Marengo zhengi Wang & Li, 2022
  • 蝇狮属 Marpissa Koch, 1846[3][10]
  • 杯蛛属 Meata
  • 蒙蛛属 Mendoza Peckham & Peckham, 1894
    • Mendoza canestrinii (Ninni, 1868)
    • Mendoza dersuuzalai (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1992)
    • Mendoza elongata (Karsch, 1879)
    • Mendoza ibarakiensis (Bohdanowicz & Prószyński, 1987)
    • Mendoza nobilis (Grube, 1861)
    • Mendoza pulchra (Prószyński, 1981)
    • Mendoza ryukyuensis Baba, 2007
    • Mendoza suguroi Baba, 2013
    • Mendoza zebra (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1992)
  • 扁蝇虎属 Menemerus Simon, 1869
  • 微菱头蛛属 Microbianor Logunov, 2000
    • Microbianor deltshevi Logunov, 2009
    • 台湾微菱头蛛 Microbianor formosana Chen, Lin & Ueng, 2021
    • Microbianor furcatus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2013
    • Microbianor globosus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2011
    • Microbianor golovatchi Logunov, 2000
    • Microbianor madagascarensis Logunov, 2009
    • Microbianor nigritarsus Logunov, 2000
    • Microbianor saaristoi Logunov, 2000
    • Microbianor simplex Wesołowska & Haddad, 2018
  • 摩挡蛛属 Modunda
  • 莫鲁蛛属 Mogrus
  • 蚁蛛属 Myrmarachne Macleay, 1839
  • 楠伊蛛属 Nandicius Prószynski, 2016
    • Nandicius cambridgei (Prószyński & Zochowska, 1981)
    • Nandicius deletus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
    • Nandicius frigidus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
    • Nandicius kimjoopili (Kim, 1995)
    • Nandicius kuankuoshuiensis Wang, Mi, Irfan & Peng, 2019
    • Nandicius mussooriensis (Prószyński, 1992)
    • 普氏楠伊蛛 Nandicius proszynskii Wang & Li, 2021
    • Nandicius pseudoicioides (Caporiacco, 1935)
    • Nandicius shihaitaoi Wang & Li, 2023
    • Nandicius szechuanensis (Logunov, 1995)
    • Nandicius vallisflorum Caleb, Sajan & Kumar, 2018
    • Nandicius woongilensis Kim & Lee, 2016
  • 卫跳蛛属 Necatia Özdikmen, 2007
    • Necatia magnidens (Schenkel, 1963)
  • 新贝塔蛛属 Neobrettus Wanless, 1984
  • 新跳蛛属 Neon Simon, 1876,2种
  • 蝶蛛属 Nungia
  • 脊跳蛛属 Ocrisiona
  • 奥诺玛蛛属 Onomastus Simon, 1900
    • Onomastus chenae Lin & Li, 2020
    • Onomastus complexipalpis Wanless, 1980
    • Onomastus corbetensis Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016
    • Onomastus danum Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2013
    • Onomastus indra Benjamin, 2010
    • Onomastus jamestaylori Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016[11]
    • Onomastus kaharian Benjamin, 2010
    • Onomastus kanoi Ono, 1995
    • Onomastus maskeliya Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016
    • Onomastus nigricaudus Simon, 1900
    • Onomastus nigrimaculatus Zhang & Li, 2005
    • Onomastus patellaris Simon, 1900
    • Onomastus pethiyagodai Benjamin, 2010
    • Onomastus quinquenotatus Simon, 1900
    • Onomastus rattotensis Benjamin, 2010
    • Onomastus simoni Żabka, 1985
    • 近晨奥诺玛蛛 Onomastus subchenae C.Wang, W.H.Wang & Peng, 2021
  • 奥尔蛛属 Orcevia
  • 盘蛛属 Pancorius ,3 种
  • 小蝇狼属 Parvattus
  • 蝇犬蛛属 Pellenes Simon, 1876[3]
  • 昏蛛属 Phaeacius Simon, 1900
  • 蝇狼属 Philaeus
  • 金蝉蛛属 Phintella Strand in Bosenberg et Strand, 1906,金蝉蛛属
  • 类金蝉蛛属 Phintelloides Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
    • Phintelloides alborea Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
    • Phintelloides brunne Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
    • Phintelloides flavoviri Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
    • Phintelloides flavumi Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
    • Phintelloides jesudasi (Caleb & Mathai, 2014)
    • Phintelloides manipur Caleb, 2020
    • Phintelloides orbisa Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
    • 彭氏类金蝉蛛 Phintelloides pengi Wang & Li, 2021
    • Phintelloides singhi (Monga, Singh & Sadana, 1989)
    • Phintelloides undulatus (Caleb & Karthikeyani, 2015)
    • Phintelloides versicolor (C.L.Koch, 1846)
  • 俳蛛属 Phlegra Simon, 1876[3],绯蛛属
  • 拟蝇虎蛛 Plexippoides Proszyniski, 1976
  • 蝇虎属 Plexippus C.L.Koch, 1846,蝇虎属,2种
  • 颇克蛛属 Poecilorchestes Simon, 1901
    • Poecilorchestes decoratus Simon, 1901
    • Poecilorchestes logunovi Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2013
    • 郑氏颇克蛛 Poecilorchestes zhengi Wang & Li, 2021
  • 孔蛛属 Portia Karsch[12]
  • 伪斑蛛属 Pseudeuophrys Dahl, 1912[3]
  • 拟伊蛛属 Pseudicius Simon, 1885
  • 兜蝇虎属 Ptocasius Simon, 1885,兜跳蛛属,1种
  • 宽胸蝇虎属 Rhene Thorell, 1869,1种
  • 跳蛛属 Salticus [3]
  • 西菱头蛛 Sibianor
  • 翠蛛属 Siler Simon, 1889
  • 西玛蛛属 Simaetha Thorell, 1881
    • Simaetha almadenensis Żabka, 1994
    • Simaetha atypica Żabka, 1994
    • Simaetha broomei Żabka, 1994
    • 陈氏西玛蛛 Simaetha cheni Wang & Li, 2021
    • Simaetha cingulata (Karsch, 1892)
    • Simaetha colemani Żabka, 1994
    • Simaetha damongpalaya Barrion & Litsinger, 1995
    • Simaetha deelemanae Zhang, Song & Li, 2003
    • Simaetha furiosa (Hogg, 1919)
    • Simaetha gongi Peng, Gong & Kim, 2000
    • Simaetha huigang Wang & Li, 2022
    • Simaetha knowlesi Żabka, 1994
    • Simaetha laminata (Karsch, 1892)
    • Simaetha makinanga Barrion & Litsinger, 1995
    • Simaetha menglun Wang & Li, 2020
    • Simaetha paetula (Keyserling, 1882)
    • Simaetha papuana Żabka, 1994
    • Simaetha pengi Wang & Li, 2020
    • Simaetha reducta (Karsch, 1892)
    • Simaetha robustior (Keyserling, 1882)
    • Simaetha tenuidens (Keyserling, 1882)
    • Simaetha tenuior (Keyserling, 1882)
    • Simaetha thoracica Thorell, 1881
  • 华岛蛛属 Sinoinsula
  • 褐蝇虎属 Sitticus Simon, 1901[3],跃蛛属
  • Sparbambus Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006
    • Sparbambus gombakensis Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006
    • Sparbambus sindhudurg Kadam & Tripathi[13]
  • 雀跃蛛属 Spartaeus Thorell:又名散蛛属[12]
  • 斯坦蛛属 Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886
  • 似蚁蛛属 Synageles Simon, 1876[3]
  • 合跳蛛属 Synagelides Strand in Bosenberg etStran,合蝇虎属,2种
  • 怜蛛属 Talavera Peckham & Peckham, 1909
  • 塔沙蛛属 Tasa Wesolowska, 1981
  • 牛蛛属 Tauala Wanless, 1988,1种
  • 纽蛛属 Telamonia Thorell, 1887,1种
  • 方胸蛛属 Thiania ,1种
  • 莎茵蛛属 Thyene Simon, 1885
  • 莎纽纳蛛属 Thyenula Simon, 1902
  • 维利蛛属 Vailimia
  • 沃蛛属 Wanlessia ,1种
  • 雅蛛属 Yaginumaella Proszynski, 1976
  • 后雅蛛属 Yaginumanis ,1种
  • 树跳蛛属 Yllenus
  • 斑马蛛属 Zebraplatys ,1种
  • 长腹蝇虎属 Zeuxippus

特征

[编辑]

在全球广泛分布,中国广东粤东地区常见为灰色,背面有黑色斑纹,全身绒毛。脚上的毛可以让他在光滑表面上移动。

跳蛛体型较小,最小的只有约一毫米,类似蚂蚁,头部较大,有8只单眼,环视能力绝佳,又因中间的两主眼视力发达,并善于跳跃,亦称跳蛛

蝇虎蜘蛛头胸部比起其他科是方形的。(见图一。)头胸部上的八个眼睛,其中两个平常比别的都大,可以对焦观察周遭事物。(见图二。)


习性

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看到猎物时,先逐步靠近,潜近再跳到猎物身上。因其捕猎物的方式,及主要以苍蝇蚊子等小虫为食,俗称苍蝇虎[14]。跳蛛的习性一般是不织网,但能吐丝,因从树上、墙壁等高处摔下危险,预备跳下时先黏上一根丝,就像爬山者用岩钉及绳子防止坠落,是其特色。

参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Salticidae. ITIS. 2011 [2018-12-01]. 
  2. ^ Salticidae 蠅虎科 28 屬 46 種. TaiBIF. [2018-12-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-11) (中文(繁体)). 
  3. ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Cuvelier, Daphne. Salticidae. WoRMS. 2005-04-04 [2018-12-01]. 
  4. ^ Simon, Eugène. 1902. Etudes arachnologiques. 31e Mémoire. LI. Descriptions d'espèces nouvelles de la famille des Salticidae (suite). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 71: 389–421.
  5. ^ John T.D. Caleb, Y.T. Lohit, A.P.C. Abhijith and Soosaimanickam Maria Packiam. 2022. A New Species and New Synonym in the Genus Colopsus Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) from India. Arthropoda Selecta. 31(4); 470–476. DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.31.4.07
  6. ^ F.R. Wanless & Y.D. Lubin (1986) Diolenius minotaurus sp. nov., a remarkable horned jumping spider from Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Salticidae), Journal of Natural History, 20:5, 1211-1220, DOI: 10.1080/00222938600770801
  7. ^ Gustavo R. S. Ruiz and Abel Bustamante. 2016. Edwardsya, A New Genus of Jumping Spiders from South America (Araneae: Salticidae: Freyina). Zootaxa. 4184(1); 117–129. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.1.7
  8. ^ 何秉妍, 陈卓尔, 徐湘, 银海强. 湖南崀山国家地质公园蜘蛛区系研究(蛛形纲:蜘蛛目). 四川动物, 2018, 37(3): 331-342. [2019-10-29]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-29). 
  9. ^ Kiran Marathe, Wayne P. Maddison and Krushnamegh Kunte. 2024. Ghatippus paschima, A New Species and Genus of plexippine Jumping Spider from the Western Ghats of India (Salticidae, Plexippini, Plexippina). ZooKeys. 1191: 89-103. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1191.114117
  10. ^ 纵条蝇狮 Marpissa magister. 中国国家数字动物博物馆. [2018-12-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-07) (中文(简体)). 
  11. ^ Benjamin, Suresh P. and Nilani Kanesharatnam. 2016. Description of Three New Species of the Tropical Asian Jumping Spider Genus Onomastus Simon, 1900 from High Altitude Cloud Forests of Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa. 4205(5); 431–453. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4205.5.2
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 朱明生; 杨自忠; 张志升. 中国跳蛛科1新种和1新纪录种(蛛形纲:蜘蛛目). 《河北大学学报:自然科学版》: 511–7. [2018-12-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-11) (英语). 
  13. ^ Rishikesh Tripathi, Gautam Kadam, Theresa Joy Asha and Ambalaparambil Vasu Sudhikumar. 2023. First Record of Sparbambus Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006 from India, with Description of A New Species (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa. 5352(3); 447-450. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5352.3.10
  14. ^ 家中這種常見的小蜘蛛別殺 專門幫你吃討厭的壞蟲. 中国时报. 2016-04-29 [2023-01-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-01). 

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维基文库中的相关文本:钦定古今图书集成·博物汇编·禽虫典·蝇虎部》,出自陈梦雷古今图书集成
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