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超度量空间

超度量空间是一种特殊的度量空间,其中三角不等式d(x, z) ≤ max{d(x, y), d(y, z)}来代替。有时相关的度量也称为非阿基米德度量超度量。虽然超度量空间中的一些定理看来奇怪,它们在许多应用中都自然出现。超度量空间在数学上其中一个应用是关于p-进数的研究。

正式定义

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正式地,超度量空间是点M集合与一个相关的距离函数(又称为度量):

d : M × MR

(其中R实数集合),使得对于所有M内的xyz,都有:

  1. d(x, y) ≥ 0
  2. d(x, y) = 0  当且仅当  x=y
  3. d(x, y) = d(y, x)  (对称性
  4. d(x, z) ≤ max{d(x, y), d(y, z)}  (强三角不等式超度量不等式)。

第四个条件可加强为当d(x, y)和d(y, z)不相等时,d(x, z) = max{d(x, y), d(y, z)},原因如下:

首先,可以不失一般性地假定d(x, y) < d(y, z),因此d(x, z) ≤ max{d(x, y), d(y, z)}可变为d(x, z) ≤ d(y, z),但另一方面,d(y, z) ≤ max{d(x, y), d(x, z)},由于已经假定d(x, y) < d(y, z)之故,因此显然max{d(x, y), d(x, z)}不能为d(x, y),因此max{d(x, y), d(x, z)} = d(x, z),所以有d(y, z) ≤ d(x, z),由于d(x, z) ≤ d(y, z)和d(y, z) ≤ d(x, z)两者皆成立之故,因此有d(x, z) = d(y, z)。因此d(x, z) = max{d(x, y), d(y, z)}。

性质

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在超度量空间中,甚至一些等腰三角形也不允许。

从以上的定义中,我们可以推出超度量空间的一些典型的性质。例如,在超度量空间内,对于所有M内的xyz以及R内的所有rs,都有:

  • 每一个三角形都是等腰的,也就是说,d(x,y) = d(y,z),或d(x,z) = d(y,z),或d(x,y) = d(z,x)。
  • 球体内的每一点都是它的中心,也就是说,如果d(x,y) < r,则B(x; r) = B(y; r)。
  • 相交的球体互相包含,也就是说,如果B(x; r) ∩ B(y; s)是非空的,则要么B(x; r) ⊆ B(y; s),要么B(y; s) ⊆ B(x; r)。

在这里,(开)球体的概念和记法与度量空间中的球体一样,也就是说:

B(x; r) = { y ∈ M | d(x, y) < r }。
  • 所有的球体在诱导拓扑中都既是开集又是闭集。也就是说,开球体也是闭球体,闭球体(把<换成≤)也是开球体。

参考文献

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  • Set Theory and Metric Spaces, I. Kaplansky, AMS Chelsea Publishing (1977). ISBN 0-8218-2694-8
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超度量空间
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