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超冷原子

超冷原子是将原子保持在一个极低温的状态(接近绝对零度,0K),一般来说其典型温度在百纳开左右。在这样的低温状态下,原子的量子力学性质变得十分重要。要到达如此低的温度,则需要好几种技术的配合使用。首先将原子囚禁于磁光阱中,并用镭射冷却预冷。一般也需要再利用蒸发制冷,以达到更低的温度。最近,麻省理工学院也有通过镭射冷却直接达到量子简并物态英语Degenerate matter的研究成果报导[1][2]

当原子被降到足够低的温度时,他们将会处于一种新的量子物态。对于玻色型原子气会产生玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚;对于费米型原子气,则形成简并费米气。由于原子间存在相互作用,实际上绝大多数原子在低温下的基态是形成固体(除了He3和He4,由于较大的零点能,常压下始终为液体),因此这类原子气实际上处于亚稳态。但是当原子气足够稀薄,碰撞概率足够小,这种亚稳态可以比较长时间的存在。无论是费米子还是玻色子,如果原子间相互为吸引作用,上述原子气所描述的状态将会失稳而塌缩。对于费米型气体,某种原子间的吸引作用可能形成类似超导当中的库伯(Cooper)对,而形成新的基态。

实验上,冷原子被用于研究玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC),超流,量子磁性,多体系统,BCS机制,BCS-BEC连续过渡等,对理解量子相变有重要意义。冷原子也被用于研究人工合成规范场,使得人们可以在实验室中模拟规范场,从而在凝聚态体系中辅助验证粒子物理的理论(而不需要巨大的加速器)。冷原子可以被精确的操控,可以用于研究量子信息学,冷原子系统是实现量子计算的众多方案中非常有前景的之一。[3][4]

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ Jiazhong Hu; Alban Urvoy; Zachary Vendeiro; Valentin Crépel; Wenlan Chen; Vladan Vuletić. Creation of a Bose-condensed gas of 87Rb by laser cooling. Science. 24 Nov 2017, 358 (6366): 1078–1080 [2020-08-03]. doi:10.1126/science.aan5614. (原始内容存档于2020-10-01). 
  2. ^ Solano, Pablo; Duan, Yiheng; Chen, Yu-Ting; Rudelis, Alyssa; Chin, Cheng; Vuletić, Vladan. Strongly Correlated Quantum Gas Prepared by Direct Laser Cooling. Physical Review Letters. 2019-10-24, 123 (17): 3401 [2020-08-03]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.173401. 
  3. ^ Bloch, Immanuel; Dalibard, Jean; Nascimbène, Sylvain. Quantum simulations with ultracold quantum gases. Nature Physics: 267–276. Bibcode:2012NatPh...8..267B. doi:10.1038/nphys2259. 
  4. ^ Altman, Ehud; Brown, Kenneth R.; Carleo, Giuseppe; Carr, Lincoln D.; Demler, Eugene; Chin, Cheng; DeMarco, Brian; Economou, Sophia E.; Eriksson, Mark A.; Fu, Kai-Mei C.; Greiner, Markus; Hazzard, Kaden R. A.; Hulet, Randall G.; Kollar, Alicia J.; Lev, Benjamin L.; Lukin, Mikhail D.; Ma, Ruichao; Mi, Xiao; Misra, Shashank; Monroe, Christopher; Murch, Kater; Nazario, Zaira; Ni, Kang-Kuen; Potter, Andrew C.; Roushan, Pedram; Saffman, Mark; Schleier-Smith, Monika; Siddiqi, Irfan; Simmonds, Raymond; Singh, Meenakshi; Spielman, I. B.; Temme, Kristan; Weiss, David S.; Vuckovic, Jelena; Vuletic, Vladan; Ye, Jun; Zwierlein, Martin. Quantum Simulators: Architectures and Opportunities. arXiv:1912.06938 [cond-mat, physics:physics, physics:quant-ph]. 2019-12-20 [2020-08-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-08). 
  • Bloch, Immanuel (2008). "Quantum Gases". Science 319 (5867): 1202. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1202B. doi:10.1126/science.1152501
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超冷原子
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