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资治通鉴考异

资治通鉴考异》,简称《通鉴考异》,是司马光编修《资治通鉴》的“副产品”,共三十卷。此书利用书证、物证、校勘等方式订正真伪,结论常以“今从之”、“今从某某”、“今不取”、“故去之”等。

高似孙《纬略》载:“光编集《通鉴》,有一事用三四出处纂成者。”《通鉴考异》用以说明史料取舍的原则和考证过程,遇年月、事迹有不同之处,均详加考订[1],并注明取舍的原因,“其中事同文异者,则请择一明白详备者录之,彼此互有详略,则请左右采获,错综铨次,自用文辞修正之,一如《左传》叙事之体也。此并作大字写。若彼此年月者,修入正文,余者注于其下,仍为叙述,所以取此舍彼之意。先注所舍者云某书云云,今按某书证验云云,或无证验,则以事理推之云云,今从某书为定;若无以考其虚实是非者,则云今两存之。其《实录》正史未必皆可据,杂史小说未必皆无凭,在高鉴择之。”[2]意在“辨正谬误,以祛将来之惑”。又如陈寿三国志》记周瑜之死,未记明确年代,《通鉴》卷六六载,献帝建安十五年,周瑜卒于巴丘。《通鉴考异》曰:“按,《江表传》,瑜与策同年,策以建安五年死,年二十六,瑜死时年三十六,故知在今年也。”

《通鉴考异》为了考证薛仁果抑或薛仁杲之名,依据校正新、旧《唐书》等中人名的讹误,又兼以昭陵六骏的铭文:

清代《四库全书总目》评《通鉴考异》:

张煦侯《通鉴学》一书将司马光的考异方法归纳为六类:参取众书而从长者、两存者、两弃者(即皆不取)、两疑而节取其要者、存疑者、兼存或说于《考异》中者。

近代史家陈寅恪认为司马光的“长编考异法”源自魏晋的佛经“合本子注”,所谓“裴世期之注《三国志》,深受当时内典合本子注之薰习,此盖吾国学术史之一大事。而后代评史者,局于所见,不知古今学术系统之有别流,著述体裁之有变例,以喜聚异同,坐长烦芜为言,其实非也。”[3]

参考文献

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引用

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  1. ^ 《四库全书·资治通鉴考异》提要云:“光编集《通鉴》时,有一事用三四出处纂成者,因参考异同,别为此书,以正其谬误而归之于一。盖前代纪事之书,传闻异词,稗官固喜造虚言,本史亦不皆实录。光所采者,自正史外,相传凡二百二十二家……旁搜博引,抉摘幽隐,择可信者而从之。有旧史所不详者,亦必参互考证而明其所以阙疑之故。既著其文于《通鉴》本弃取之意,辩论而折衷之,使读者晓然于记载之得失是非,而不复有所歧惑,千古史法之精密,实无过于是者。”求真考实是司马光编纂《资治通鉴》贯彻始终的严谨作风,而“参考群书,评其异同,俾归一途,为《考异》三十卷”
  2. ^ 司马光:《答范梦得》
  3. ^ 《陈述辽史补注序》,载《金明馆丛稿二编》,第234页。

来源

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  • 张煦侯:《通鉴学》
  • 典志组:〈考异溯源:司马光《通鉴考异》的方法及其启迪〉
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资治通鉴考异
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