费尔南多·佩索阿（葡萄牙语：Fernando Pessoa，1888年6月13日—1935年11月30日），生于里斯本，是葡萄牙诗人与作家。 他生前以诗集《使命》而闻名于世。 他被认为是继路易·德贾梅士之后最伟大的葡语作家。文评家卜伦在他的作品《西方正典》形容为他是与诺贝尔奖得主巴勃鲁·聂鲁达最能够代表二十世纪的诗人。在2007年票选最伟大的葡萄牙人（英语：Os Grandes Portugueses）中，他排名第八。

写作风格

他在文学上以“创造”性格闻名，我们称这种写作手法为“异名”(Heteronymy)。各个“异名者”(heteronyms)有着不同的阅历、性格与人生哲学。异名者与作者“自我”之间常常互通书信，交流思想。在众多角色中，以“自我”加上另外三个“异名者”最为成熟及最广为人知。三个“异名者”分别是Álvaro de Campos、Ricardo Reis和Alberto Caeiro。在他们当中，“自我”通常都是最能够带出真理、存在及个性等深层哲学意义的角色。

自我(Ortónimo)

“佩索亚的自我”性格很全面，本身也是个作家，但是总离不开士巴斯梯斯式的爱国主义思想。他的“自我”在某程度上深受一些宗教理念影响，如通神论思想及共济会的宗教观。故此，“自我”的诗词充满神话及史诗式的气魄，有时还有一种悲剧的味道。他作为一个普世主义(Universalism)诗人，他的世界观可能受到东方及理性主义哲学思想所影响，显得相当矛盾，他同时接受单一及多方面的世界观。所以，这倒令佩索亚有十足的理由把其他的三个“异名者”连同《使命》中的“半自我”－Bernando Soares从“自我”分开出来。

以葡萄牙历史人物为背景的诗集《使命》中的佩索亚，就是最能够代表这个“自我”，这也是他生前唯一出版的诗集。

por: Rui Alexandre N. Costa 12ºano Escola Secundária Paços de Ferreira '04/'05

延伸阅读

图书

• Gray de Castro, Mariana (ed.). Fernando Pessoa's modernity without frontiers: influences, dialogues, responses （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK. Rochester, NY; USA: Oxford: Tamesis, 2013, ISBN 9781855662568.
• Jackson, Kenneth David. Adverse Genres in Fernando Pessoa. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
• Jennings, Hubert D. and Carlos Pittella. Fernando Pessoa, the Poet with Many Faces: A biography and anthology. Providence, RI: Gavea-Brown, 2018.
• Klobucka, Anna and Mark Sabine, (eds.). Embodying Pessoa: Corporeality, Gender, Sexuality. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
• Santos, Maria Irene Ramalho Sousa. Atlantic Poets: Fernando Pessoa's Turn in Anglo-American Modernism. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2003.
• Pessoa's Alberto Caeiro. Dartmouth, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 2000.
• Monteiro, George. Fernando Pessoa and Nineteenth-century Anglo-American Literature. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2000.
• Monteiro, George. The Presence of Pessoa: English, American, and Southern African Literary Responses. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
• Sadlier, Darlene J. An Introduction to Fernando Pessoa, Literary Modernist. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1998.
• Lancastre, Maria José de and Antonio Tabucchi. Fernando Pessoa: Photographic Documentation and Caption.Paris : Hazan, 1997.
• Kotowicz, Zbigniew. Fernando Pessoa: Voices of a Nomadic Soul. London: Menard, 1996.
• Lisboa, Eugénio and L. C. Taylor. A Centenary Pessoa. Manchester, England: Carcanet, 1995.
• Terlinden-Villepin, Anne. Fernando Pessoa: The Bilingual Portuguese Poet. Brussels: Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, 1990.
• McGuirk, Bernard. Three Persons on One: A Centenary Tribute to Fernando Pessoa. Nottingham, England: University of Nottingham, 1988.
• Green, J. C. R. Fernando Pessoa: The Genesis of the Heteronyms. Isle of Skye: Aquila, 1982.
• Monteiro, George. The Man Who Never Was: Essays on Fernando Pessoa. Providence, RI: Gávea-Brown, 1982.

文章

• Anderson, R. N., "The Static Drama of Pessoa, Fernando" Hispanofila (104): 89–97 (January 1992).
• Bloom, Harold, "Fernando Pessoa" in Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds. New York: Warner Books, 2002.
• Brown, S.M., "The Whitman Pessoa Connection" Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 9 (1): 1–14 SUM 1991.
• Bunyan, D, "The South-African Pessoa: Fernando 20th Century Portuguese Poet", English in Africa 14 (1), May 1987, pp. 67–105.
• Cruz, Anne J., "Masked Rhetoric: Contextuality in Fernando Pessoa's Poems", Romance Notes, vol. XXIX, no. 1 (Fall, 1988), pp. 55–60.
• De Castro, Mariana, "Oscar Wilde, Fernando Pessoa, and the art of lying". Portuguese Studies 22 (2): 219, 2006.
• Dyer, Geoff, "Heteronyms" The New Statesman, vol. 4 (6 December 1991), p. 46.
• Eberstadt, Fernanda, "Proud of His Obscurity", The New York Times Book Review, vol. 96, (1 September 1991), p. 26.
• Ferari, Patricio. "Proverbs in Fernando Pessoa's works." Proverbium vol. 31, pp. 235–244.
• Guyer, Leland, "Fernando Pessoa and the Cubist Perspective", Hispania, vol. 70, no. 1 (March 1987), pp. 73–78.
• Haberly, David T., "Fernando Pessoa: Overview" in Lesley Henderson (Ed.), Reference Guide to World Literature, 2nd ed. St. James Press, 1995.
• Hicks, J., "The Fascist imaginary in Pessoa and Pirandello" Centennial Review 42 (2): 309–332 SPR 1998.
• Hollander, John, "Quadrophenia" The New Republic, 7 September 1987, pp. 33–6.
• Howes, R. W., "Pessoa, Fernando, Poet, Publisher, and Translator", British Library Journal 9 (2): 161–170 1983.
• Jennings, Hubert D., "In Search of Fernando Pessoa" Contrast 47 – South African Quarterly, vol. 12 no. 3 (June 1979).
• Lopes J. M., "Cubism and intersectionism in Fernando Pessoa's 'Chuva Obliqua" Texte (15–16),1994, pp.  63–95.
• Mahr, G., "Pessoa, life narrative, and the dissociative process" in Biography 21 (1) Winter 1998, pp. 25–35.
• McNeill, Pods, "The aesthetic of fragmentation and the use of personae in the poetry of Fernando Pessoa and W.B. Yeats" Portuguese Studies 19: 110–121 2003.
• Monteiro, George, "The Song of the Reaper-Pessoa and Wordsworth" Portuguese Studies 5, 1989, pp. 71–80.
• Muldoon P., "In the hall of mirrors: 'Autopsychography' by Fernando Pessoa" New England Review 23 (4), Fal 2002, pp. 38–52.
• Pasi, Marco, "September 1930, Lisbon: Aleister Crowley’s lost diary of his Portuguese trip" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Pessoa Plural, no. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 253–283.
• Pasi, Marco & Ferrari, Patricio, "Fernando Pessoa and Aleister Crowley: New discoveries and a new analysis of the documents in the Gerald Yorke Collection" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Pessoa Plural, no. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 284–313.
• Phillips, A., "Pessoa's Appearances" in Promises, Promises. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 2000, pp. 113–124.
• Ribeiro, A. S., "A tradition of empire: Fernando Pessoa and Germany" Portuguese Studies 21: 201–209, 2005
• Riccardi, Mattia, "Dionysus or Apollo? The heteronym Antonio Mora as moment of Nietzsche's reception by Pessoa" Portuguese Studies 23 (1), 109, 2007.
• Rosenthal, David H., "Unpredictable Passions", The New York Times Book Review, 13 December 1987, p. 32.
• Seabra, J.A., "Pessoa, Fernando Portuguese Modernist Poet", Europe 62 (660): 41–53 1984.
• Severino, Alexandrino E., "Fernando Pessoa's Legacy: The Presença and After", World Literature Today, vol. 53, no. 1 (Winter, 1979), pp. 5–9.
• Severino, Alexandrino E., "Pessoa, Fernando – A Modern Lusiad", Hispania 67 (1): 52–60 1984.
• Severino, Alexandrino E., "Was Pessoa Ever in South Africa?" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Hispania （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, vol. 74, no. 3 (September 1991).
• Sheets, Jane M., "Fernando Pessoa as Anti-Poet: Alberto Caeiro", Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, vol. XLVI, no. 1 (January 1969), pp. 39–47.
• Sousa, Ronald W., "The Structure of Pessoa's Mensagem", Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, vol. LIX, no. 1, January 1982, pp. 58–66.
• Steiner, George, "A man of many parts" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Observer, 3 June 2001.
• Suarez, Jose, "Fernando Pessoa's acknowledged involvement with the occult" Hispania 90 (2): (May 2007), 245–252.
• Wood, Michael, "Mod and Great" The New York Review of Books, vol. XIX, no. 4 (21 September 1972), pp. 19–22.
• Zenith, Richard, "Pessoa, Fernando and the Theater of his Self" Performing Arts Journal (44), May 1993, pp. 47–49.

参见

• 惶然录
• 阿莉塞·维埃拉
• 若泽·萨拉马戈
• 卡蒙斯

外部链接

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：费尔南多·佩索阿（分类）

维基语录上的费尔南多·佩索阿（葡萄牙文）语录

• Casa Fernando Pessoa （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Biografia de Fernando Pessoa em "Vidas Lusófonas"
• Labirinto MultiPessoa (viagens guiadas para estudantes e curiosos) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Instituto Camões
• Pessoa revisitado
• Um Fernando Pessoa

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