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质量数

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质量数mass number)又称原子质量数atomic mass number)、核子数nucleon number),符号 A[1],是中性原子原子核质子数目和中子数目的和,质量数的数值都是整数。如氧-16中性原子的原子核内质子数和中子数皆为8,故其质量数为16。

有时会将质量数和原子序数Z,质子数)分别标示在元素的左上角及左下角,如16
8
O
即为质量数为16,原子序数为8的氧原子,因为同一元素的原子序数不会改变,有时也会省略左下角的原子序数[2]

质子和中子都是重子,因此质量数和原子(或离子)的重子数B相等。化学元素的同位素会有相同的原子序数,但不同的质量数,例如18
8
O
16
8
O
都是氧,但质量数分别为16和18。而一原子的质量数减去质子数都可以得到其中子数N:[3]

元素的相对原子质量

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元素的质量数和元素的相对原子质量不同。相对原子质量是考虑同一元素的不同同位素的丰度,将各同位素的质量数加权平均后的结果,也可以说是各同位素依丰度加权后的平均原子质量除以原子质量单位后的值[4]

有些相对原子质量会接近主要的同位素质量数,例如氧的相对原子质量15.9994,和氧-16的质量数为16极为接近。但若主要的同位素不只一种,相对原子质量可能不会接近整数。例如氯的同位素主要有二种:35Cl和37Cl。一般常见的比例是35Cl占总数的75%,37Cl只占总数的25%,因此其相对原子质量约是35.5(其实是35.4527 g/mol)。

也有一些元素的相对原子质量接近整数,但这个整数不是任何常见同位素的质量数。例如有二种稳定的同位素,分别是79Br和81Br,在自然界的丰度相近,因此溴的相对原子质量接近80(79.904 g/mol)[5],但质量数为相近整数的80Br是不稳定的同位素。

参考资料

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  1. ^ 存档副本. [2023-08-31]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-31). 
  2. ^ Elemental Notation and Isotopes. Science Help Online. [2008-08-27]. (原始内容存档于2008-09-13). 
  3. ^ How many protons, electrons and neutrons are in an atom of krypton, carbon, oxygen, neon,platnum, gold, etc...?. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. [2008-08-27]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-03). 
  4. ^ IUPAC Definition of Relative Atomic Mass. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. [2008-08-27]. [永久失效链接]
  5. ^ Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements. NIST. [2017-02-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-21). 
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质量数
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