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贝尔定理

理论物理学里,贝尔定理Bell's theorem)表明

贝尔定理是一种不可行定理,又知名为贝尔不等式。这定理在物理学和科学哲学里异常重要,因为这定理意味着量子物理必需违背定域性原理反事实确定性英语counterfactual definiteness[1] [2]。发表于1964年,贝尔定理是因北爱尔兰物理学家约翰·贝尔而命名。

贝尔定理的实验验证所得到的结果,符合量子力学理论的预测,并且显示某些量子效应似乎能够以超光速行进。由于这验证结果,所有归类为隐变数理论、经得起考验的量子理论都只能限制为非定域英语nonlocality种类。2015年,台夫特理工大学的罗纳德·汉森等人在《自然》的封面文章表示,成功关闭所有漏洞,目前量子理论比定域性隐变量理论更准确地描述量子纠缠现象。[3]

概述

贝尔不等式为

其中, 为正的意思为在 轴上观察到 量子的自旋态为正,而 代表 为正和 为正的相关性

经典力学中,此不等式成立。在量子世界中,此不等式却不成立。

贝尔定理意味着,阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦所主张的定域性原理,其预测不符合量子力学理论。由于很多实验的结果与量子力学理论的预测一致,显示出的量子关联英语quantum correlation远强过定域隐变数理论所能够解释,所以,物理学者拒绝接受定域实在论对于这些实验结果的解释。陷入找不到满意解答的窘境,物理学者只能无可奈何地勉强承认这是一种非因果关系的超光速效应英语superluminal effect

对于像光子一类的粒子,贝尔定理的实验验证示意图。不稳定粒子的衰变会生成单态粒子对,其两颗粒子会分别朝着相反方向移动。假设,在与衰变地点相隔一段距离的两个地点,分别以各种不同夹角角度 任意设定为实验参数,然后测量这两颗粒子的自旋,则得到的数据可以计算出这系统的纠缠性质

贝尔定理可以应用于任何由两个相互纠缠的量子比特所组成的量子系统。最常见的范例是纠缠于自旋偏振的粒子系统。

继续发展爱因斯坦-波多尔斯基-罗森佯谬(简称EPR佯谬)的论述[4](但是选择采用自旋的例子,如同戴维·玻姆版本关于EPR吊诡的论述[5]),贝尔精心设计出一个思想实验:从衰变生成的两颗处于单态的自旋1/2粒子会分别朝着相反方向移动,在与衰变地点相隔遥远的两个地点,分别沿着独立选择的直轴测量两个粒子的自旋,每一次测量得到的结果是“向上自旋”(标记为“+”)或“向下自旋”(标记为“−”)。

在两个地点测量得到一致结果的概率,会因为两根直轴 之间的夹角角度 而变化,除了平行或反平行的设置( 为0°或180°),会遭受到不确定性。所以,贝尔定理只能应用于从多次测量得到的统计结果。现在设定实验规则,假设爱丽丝与鲍伯分别独自在这两个地点测量,若在某一次测量,爱丽丝测量的结果为向上自旋,而鲍伯测量的结果为向下自旋,则称这两个结果一致,相关系数为"+1",反之亦然;否则,就像如下,若爱丽丝与鲍伯测量的结果都为向上自旋或都为向下自旋,则两个结果不一致,相关系数为"-1"。那么,假设 相互平行,则测量这些量子纠缠粒子永远会得到一致的结果(完全相关);假设两根直轴相互垂直,则只有50%概率会得到一致的结果,得到不一致结果的概率也是50%。以下列出这些基本案例:

同向轴 第1对 第2对 第3对 第4对 ... 总共n对
爱丽丝: + + ...
鲍伯: + + ...
相关系数: ( +1 +1 +1 +1 ... ) / n = +1
(100%一致)
正交轴 第1对 第2对 第3对 第4对 ... 总共n对
爱丽丝: + + ...
鲍伯: + + ...
相关系数: ( +1 −1 −1 +1 ... ) / n = 0
(50%一致)
对于自旋的量子相关性(假定100%侦测效率),局域隐变数理论的预测以实线显示,量子力学预测以虚线显示。

如右图所示,假设两根直轴的夹角角度 在上述基本案例角度之间,则局域隐变数理论的成立意味着量子相关性呈线性变化。但是根据量子力学理论,量子相关性应呈角度的余弦 变化。重要关键是,实际纠缠实验结果支持量子力学理论的预测。

贝尔推导出定域实在论会产生的结果。在这导引内,除了要求基本的一致化以外,不做任何其它特别的假定,贝尔发现的数学问题,很明显地不同于量子力学的预测,更不同于稍后得到的实验观测结果。这样,贝尔定理排除了定域隐变数为量子力学的可信解释,虽然非定域隐变数理论的大门仍旧敞开无碍。贝尔结论[4]

某些理论为了确定单独测量的结果,严格要求将额外参数加入量子力学,并且要求这动作不改变统计预测。对于这些理论,必定存在着一种机制,使得一台测量仪器的运作设定值的改变,会影响到另一台测量仪器的读值,不管两台仪器之间的距离有多么遥远。此外,涉及这机制的讯号必需瞬时地传播抵达,所以,这些理论不具有洛伦兹不变性

这些年来,有许多实验企图验证贝尔定理,并得出贝尔不等式被违背的实验数据。但很多关于这些实验的不足之处都已被找到,包括“侦测漏洞”、“通讯漏洞”等等[6]。由于科技的进步,实验也逐步的改良,更能够针对这些漏洞给予补足。截至公元2014年,没有任何实验能够完全地补足这些漏洞[6]。当时的物理学家相信,完美的贝尔定理实验可以在5年内出现,主流量子力学教科书也已将贝尔定理视为基础物理定理[2][7]。但是,没有任何物理定理能够毫无疑问的被接受;仍有些物理学者反驳,贝尔定理隐藏的假定或实验漏洞否定了理论的正确性[8][9]

公元2015年,台夫特理工大学的罗纳德·汉森等人在《自然》的封面文章表示,成功关闭所有漏洞,表明量子理论比定域性隐变量理论更准确地描述量子纠缠现象。[3]

参阅

参考文献

  1. ^ Blaylock, Guy. The EPR paradox, Bell's inequality, and the question of locality. American Journal of PHysics. January 2010, 78 (1): 111–120 [2011-07-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-09). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Griffiths, David J. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: Second Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall, 1998. p. 423-428.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Ronald Hansen et al, Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres, Nature, 2015, 526: 682–686 [2019-03-03], (原始内容存档于2019-03-20) 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Bell, John. On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox, Physics 1 3, 195-200, Nov. 1964
  5. ^ Bohm, David Quantum Theory. Prentice-Hall, 1951.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Article on Bell's Theorem页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Abner Shimony in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (2004).
  7. ^ Merzbacher, Eugene Quantum Mechanics: Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2005. p. 18, 362.
  8. ^ Buchanan, Mark, Quantum untanglement: is spookiness under threat? New Scientist, 2 Nov 2007. 存档副本. [2011-06-19]. (原始内容存档于2011-09-30). ; See also arXiv:1103.1879
  9. ^ Caroline H. Thompson The Chaotic Ball: An Intuitive Analogy for EPR Experiments Found.Phys.Lett. 9 (1996) 357-382 arXiv:quant-ph/9611037
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  • A. Aspect et al., Experimental Realization of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Gedankenexperiment: A New Violation of Bell's Inequalities, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 91 (1982).
  • A. Aspect et al., Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time-Varying Analyzers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1804 (1982).
  • A. Aspect and P. Grangier, About resonant scattering and other hypothetical effects in the Orsay atomic-cascade experiment tests of Bell inequalities: a discussion and some new experimental data, Lettere al Nuovo Cimento 43, 345 (1985)
  • B. D'Espagnat, The Quantum Theory and Reality页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Scientific American, 241, 158 (1979)
  • J. S. Bell, On the problem of hidden variables in quantum mechanics, Rev. Mod. Phys. 38, 447 (1966)
  • J. S. Bell, On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox, Physics 1, 3, 195-200 (1964)
  • J. S. Bell, Introduction to the hidden variable question, Proceedings of the International School of Physics 'Enrico Fermi', Course IL, Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1971) 171–81
  • J. S. Bell, Bertlmann’s socks and the nature of reality, Journal de Physique, Colloque C2, suppl. au numero 3, Tome 42 (1981) pp C2 41–61
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进阶阅读

以下列出一些专门为一般读者所撰写、涉及贝尔定理的著作:

  • Amir D. Aczel, Entanglement: The greatest mystery in physics (Four Walls Eight Windows, New York, 2001).
  • A. Afriat and F. Selleri, The Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen Paradox (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1999)
  • J. Baggott, The Meaning of Quantum Theory (Oxford University Press, 1992)
  • N. David Mermin, "Is the moon there when nobody looks? Reality and the quantum theory", in Physics Today, April 1985, pp. 38–47.
  • Louisa Gilder, The Age of Entanglement: When Quantum Physics Was Reborn (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008)
  • Nick Herbert, Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics (Anchor, 1987, ISBN 0-385-23569-0)
  • D. Wick, The infamous boundary: seven decades of controversy in quantum physics (Birkhauser, Boston 1995)

外部链接


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贝尔定理
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