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贸易保护主义.
贸易保护主义(英语:Protectionism),是一种为了保护本国产业免受国外竞争压力而对进口产品设定较高关税、限定进口配额或其它减少进口额的经济政策。它与自由贸易模式正好相反,后者使进口产品免除关税,让外国的产品可以与国内市场接轨,而不使它们负担国内制造厂商背负的重税。
贸易保护主义经常被人们与重商主义和进口替代联系起来。重商主义认为保持一个可观的贸易顺差对一个国家是很有利的。
取决于是否征收关税,贸易保护主义有两个分支:传统贸易保护主义(有意征收关税)和现代贸易保护主义(无意征收关税)。
特点
贸易保护主义有以下特点:
- 主要保护手段由关税转到非关税措施。一系列的国际贸易与关税谈判中形成的决议,大大降低了关税总水平,于是各国转而采取非关税措施来推行保护主义政策。这些措施灵活、隐蔽、限制性强,世界贸易总额一半以上受到各种非关税限制;
- 保护政策对产品的针对性越来越强,如对工业品限制减少和降低,但对农产品的保护却极少松动,对工业品中不同商品的限制也有很大差别;
- 实行保护政策所针对的国家和地区的区分加强了。一般地说一国总是针对自己直接、强劲的竞争对手加强保护主义政策,而对其他国家则适当放松。世界多数国家都是根据自己的国情和竞争对手的状况,分别采用自由贸易和保护主义政策,以期保护本国经济的持续发展,增强其在国际中的竞争力。
- 政府透过各式各样的措施,保护本土产业,避免和外国直接竞争。例如实施配额来限制进口货品的数量、实施关税来提高进口货品的价格。
历史
英国贸易保护主义
1651年,英国颁布《航海条例》,打击荷兰的国际航运优势。从1690年到1704年,为增加政府收入和报复同期法国的贸易保护主义政策,英国进口关税上涨4倍。1699年的《羊毛法》禁止殖民地向英国本土销售羊毛和羊毛制品;1732年《制帽法》禁止殖民地向英国本土销售帽子;1720年,英国议会通过法案,禁止进口和使用印度棉布。1750年的《冶铁法》禁止北美制造铁制品。到18世纪中期英国为维持及推动有利其领导的全球资本主义,才重新推动自由贸易。
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