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读通鉴论

读通鉴论》是明末清初大儒王夫之阅读《资治通鉴》及历史的议论。书成于王夫之晚年,盖读史有感,随事触发,初无意于为文,故每篇皆不立题目;而于上下古今兴亡得失之故,制作轻重之原,均有论列[1]。全书30卷,包括秦1卷,西汉4卷,东汉4卷,三国1卷,晋4卷,宋、齐、梁、陈、隋各1卷,唐8卷,五代3卷,另附《叙论》四篇为“卷末”,约六十余万字。
《读通鉴论》每卷之中,以朝代为别,每代之中,以帝王之号为别;

康熙二十六年(1687年),王夫之从69岁开始执笔,“贫无书籍纸笔,多假之故人门生,书成因以授之”[2],直到康熙三十年(1691年)逝世前完成,用意在于“推本得失之原”,“立一成之型”。在四库全书中为史部史评类。

目前中华书局所刊印的《读通鉴论》采用曾国藩金陵刻本为底本[3]

内容主旨

《读通鉴论》见解独特,否定了宋、明理学家所推崇的“三代盛世”的看法,王夫之在《读通鉴论》中指出以前完全处于未开化的野蛮部落,三代则是“沿上古之封建,国少而君多……无异于今川、广之土司,吸龁其部民,使鹄面鸠形,衣百结而食草木”,生产落后,生活艰苦,随着历史不断的进化,“世益降,物益备”[4]。秦代以下,郡县制“垂二千年而弗能改矣,合古今上下皆安之,势之所趋,岂非理而能然哉?”“理势合一”、“理因乎势”。

《读通鉴论》还指出“生有生之理,死有死之理,治有治之理,乱有乱之理,存有存之理,亡有亡之理。天者,理也,其命,理之流行者也……。违生之理,浅者以病,深者以死。人不自知而自取之,而自昧之……夫国家之治乱存亡,亦如此而已矣。”

同时《读通鉴论》还非议正统史观,所谓“统者,合而不离,续而不绝之谓也”。无所谓正统不正统的问题,所论当力求安于心,“求顺于理,求适于用。”[5]

参考书目

  • 王敔:《姜斋公行述》

参考文献

  1. ^ 中华书局《读通鉴论》校点例言。
  2. ^ 王敔:《姜斋公行述》
  3. ^ 中华书局《读通鉴论》校点例言
  4. ^ 《读通鉴论》卷十九
  5. ^ 《读通鉴论》叙论三
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读通鉴论
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