For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for
诏狱.
诏狱,又称天牢,是中国古代的皇家监狱,罪犯多属九卿、郡守等一级高官,需皇帝亲自下诏书定罪的案件。
西汉后宫中设有掖庭,其中掖庭狱,或称掖庭秘狱,囚禁有罪的妃嫔、宗室。西汉末刘恭自以为罪恶深重,故“自系诏狱”[1],汉灵帝时派遣侍御史“行诏狱亭部,理冤枉,原轻系,休囚徒”[2],宋人张方平说“汉有乱政而立黄门北寺之狱”[3],武则天时,重用周兴、来俊臣等人,“诏狱”屡兴,成为恐怖世界,人心惶惶[4]。王明清《挥麈录馀话》中称岳飞狱案为“诏狱全案”[5]。汉代有北军狱,唐代有北军狱又称内侍狱,知名的仇士良即管理北军狱兼领神策军,洛阳寺亦是知名诏狱。
明代大理寺并没有自己的监狱,都察院台狱司狱司,只是九品小官,管不了在朝廷上仍有同僚的朝臣,大部分下诏逮捕又经言官给事中佥签的案件本就不归刑部掌管,而锦衣卫拥有自己的监狱,称诏狱[6],或是“锦衣狱”,即为皇家监狱[原创研究?], 民间[来源请求]称“人间地狱”,可直接拷掠,刑部、大理寺、都察院这些司法机关无权过问,狱中“水火不入,疫疠之气充斥囹圄”,诏狱的刑法极其残酷,刑具有拶指、上夹棍、剥皮、舌、断脊、堕指、刺心、琵琶等十八种,史称:“刑法有创之自明,不衷古制者,廷杖、东西厂、锦衣卫、镇抚司狱是已。是数者,杀人至惨,而不丽于法。”[7],嘉靖时刑科都给事中刘济有谓:“国家置三法司,专理刑狱,或主质成,或主平反。权臣不得以恩怨为出入,天子不得以喜怒为重轻。自锦衣镇抚之官专理诏狱,而法司几成虚设。”万历年间,临江知府钱若赓被明神宗投入诏狱达三十七年之久,终不得释。其子钱敬忠向明神宗上疏:“臣父三十七年之中……气血尽衰……脓血淋漓,四肢臃肿,疮毒满身,更患脚瘤,步立俱废。耳既无闻,目既无见,手不能运,足不能行,喉中尚稍有气,谓之未死,实与死一间耳”,神宗终于将他释放。瞿式耜曾道:“往者魏、崔之世,凡属凶网,即烦缇骑,一属缇骑,即下镇抚,魂飞汤火,惨毒难言,苟得一送法司,便不啻天堂之乐矣。”沈家本《历代刑法考》言:“恂一代秕政,为古今所无者。”
- ^ 《后汉书·刘玄传》
- ^ 《后汉书·孝灵帝纪》
- ^ 《乐全集·诏狱之弊》
- ^ 《唐会要》卷四一“酷吏”
- ^ 《挥麈录馀话》卷2
- ^ 《明史·刑法志》称:“锦衣卫狱者,世所称诏狱也”。
- ^ 《明史·刑法志》
{{bottomLinkPreText}}
{{bottomLinkText}}
This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by
contributors (read/edit).
Text is available under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
{{current.index+1}} of {{items.length}}
Thanks for reporting this video!
This browser is not supported by Wikiwand :(
Wikiwand requires a browser with modern capabilities in order to provide you with the best reading experience.
Please download and use one of the following browsers:
An extension you use may be preventing Wikiwand articles from loading properly.
If you're using HTTPS Everywhere or you're unable to access any article on Wikiwand, please consider switching to HTTPS (https://www.wikiwand.com).
An extension you use may be preventing Wikiwand articles from loading properly.
If you are using an Ad-Blocker, it might have mistakenly blocked our content.
You will need to temporarily disable your Ad-blocker to view this page.
✕
This article was just edited, click to reload
Please click Add in the dialog above
Please click Allow in the top-left corner,
then click Install Now in the dialog
Please click Open in the download dialog,
then click Install
Please click the "Downloads" icon in the Safari toolbar, open the first download in the list,
then click Install
{{::$root.activation.text}}
Follow Us
Don't forget to rate us
Oh no, there's been an error
Please help us solve this error by emailing us at
support@wikiwand.com
Let us know what you've done that caused this error, what browser you're using, and whether you have any special extensions/add-ons installed.
Thank you!