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谢克尔

古迦太基谢克尔硬币

谢克尔,亦称舍客勒腓尼基语𐤔𐤒𐤋‬;希伯来语שקל‎、sheqalimshekels阿卡德语𒅆𒅗𒇻šiqlusiqlu)是一种货币单位,曾广泛通行于古代近东地区,主要用生产。谢克尔最初也是一重量单位,大约相当于11克(0.39盎司)。谢克尔在中文版和合本圣经的里面,将这个货币和重量单位由英文语音翻译为“舍客勒”。

作为衡量单位,舍客勒在以色列的摩西五经描述下的旷野漂流时期,其"重量"和"货币"的意义就曾经交互使用过。如舍客勒作为重量单位,在出埃及记三十章23节(记载着调制圣膏油的方法)中说道:‘耶和华晓谕摩西说:“你要取上品的香料,就是流质的没药五百舍客勒,香肉桂一半,就是二百五十舍客勒,菖蒲二百五十舍客勒,桂皮五百舍客勒,都按著圣所的平,又取橄榄油一欣,按做香之法调和做成圣膏油”’(旧约希伯来语圣经在第24节的舍客勒原文是בְּשֶׁ֣קֶל)。此外,在同一章经文的第13节,舍客勒又被当作为货币单位:‘凡过去归那些被数之人的,每人要按圣所的平,拿银子半舍客勒;这半舍客勒是奉给耶和华的礼物’(旧约希伯来语圣经在此处的舍客勒原文也是בְּשֶׁ֣קֶל)。

另外,作为货币单位,舍客勒最早出现初于古以色列的先祖时期 (例见圣经创世纪二十三章第15-16节,原文是שקל)。后来舍客勒货币在古泰尔迦太基地方也流通。但它与在公元前300年推罗(泰尔)当地人所发行的“推罗舍客勒英语Tyrian shekel” "钱币"不同,是与以色列人在旧约历史时期中所惯用的“舍客勒”"单位"(衡量概念)有别。

旧约时期的舍客勒货币单位,在耶稣诞生之前的马加比家族时代,仍是为哈斯蒙尼王朝当地的人民所采用。而后舍客勒作为货币单位的使用,在以色列百姓被罗马共和国的占领统治下,使用量最终也逐渐的式微(见圣经马可福音十二章13-17节记载)。

近代复国之后的以色列,则是在1980年代发行过旧谢克尔新谢克尔两种以“谢克尔”为名的货币。新谢克尔即是以色列现在的流通货币。

参考资料

[编辑]
  • Banknotes and coins catalog, Banking of Israel, [2021-03-27], (原始内容存档于2009-02-17) 
  • Sheqel, Coins (catalog with pictures), Colnect 
  • Coins of the Ancient World, Detroit Institute of Arts, 1964 
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谢克尔
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