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谈判

谈判(英语:Negotiation)是两个以上的个人或群体之间的对话,旨在就一个或多个(尚未出现共识的)问题达成对彼此有助益的结果,其中至少存在与这些问题中的一个相关的冲突。谈判是实体之间的互动和过程,这些实体渴望就共同利益的问题达成一致,同时满足各自的需求。[1] 这种有益的结果可以适用于所有相关方,也可以仅适用于其中的一个或一些。谈判者需要了解谈判过程和其他谈判者,以增加他们达成交易的机会,避免冲突,与其他各方建立关系并获得收益 [1]且最大化互惠互利。

它旨在解决分歧点,为个人或集体获得优势,或产生可以满足各种利益的结果。分配性谈判(英语:Distributive negotiation)或妥协是透过提出立场并做出让步以达成一致来进行的。谈判双方对对方实施谈判方案的信任程度是决定谈判是否成功的主要因素。

人们每天都在进行谈判,但经常不会将该些活动视为谈判。[2][3] 谈判发生在组织中,包括企业、非营利组织、政府内部和政府之间以及销售和法律程序以及个人婚姻、离婚、育儿等情况。专业谈判者往往是专业的,例如工会谈判者、杠杆收购谈判者、和平谈判者或人质谈判者。他们也可能以其他头衔工作,例如外交官、立法者或经纪人。还有一种由算法或机器进行的协商,称为自动化协商(英语:Automated negotiation)[4][1][5];考虑其自动化,谈判参与者和过程必须正确建模。[6]

谈判策略

谈判形式非常多元,从专业谈判者代表特定组织或立场,参与正式谈判,到朋友间的非正式谈判。相对于谈判,调解系由中立第三方者听取双方意见,由调解人协助拟定协议;相对于仲裁,仲裁涉及法律程序。仲裁中,两造将提出自身论点,由仲裁人决定最终结果。此种谈判有时称作立场谈判或强硬交涉(hard-bargaining)。

谈判理论家通常将以二分法区分谈判,但是不同理论家使用不同名称区别此两大类的谈判。

分配式谈判

整合式谈判

相关条目

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Adnan, Muhamad Hariz Muhamad; Hassan, Mohd Fadzil; Aziz, Izzatdin; Paputungan, Irving V. Protocols for agent-based autonomous negotiations: A review. 2016 3rd International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCOINS) (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: IEEE). August 2016: 622–626. ISBN 978-1-5090-2549-7. S2CID 11379608. doi:10.1109/ICCOINS.2016.7783287. 
  2. ^ de Felice, Fortune Barthélémy. The 50%Solution. Zartman, I William (编). Negotiation, or the art of Negotiating. United States: Doubleday Anchor. 1976: 549. 
  3. ^ Fisher, Roger; Ury, William. Patton, Bruce , 编. Getting to yes : negotiating agreement without giving in Reprint. New York: Penguin Books. 1984. ISBN 978-0140065343. 
  4. ^ Adnan, Muhamad Hariz; Hassan, Mohd Fadzil; Aziz, Izzatdin Abdul; Rashid, Nuraini Abdul, Saeed, Faisal; Gazem, Nadhmi; Mohammed, Fathey; Busalim, Abdelsalam , 编, A Survey and Future Vision of Double Auctions-Based Autonomous Cloud Service Negotiations, Recent Trends in Data Science and Soft Computing 843 (Springer International Publishing), 2019, 843: 488–498, ISBN 978-3-319-99006-4, S2CID 169093081, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99007-1_46 
  5. ^ Adnan, Muhamad Hariz; Hassan, Mohd Fadzil; Aziz, Izzatdin Abd. Business Level Objectives of Customer for Autonomous Cloud Service Negotiation. Advanced Science Letters. October 2018, 24 (10): 7524–7528. S2CID 116247733. doi:10.1166/asl.2018.12971 (英语). 
  6. ^ Hargreaves, Brendan; Hult, Henrik; Reda, Sherief. Within-die process variations: How accurately can they be statistically modeled?. 2008 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (IEEE). January 2008: 524–530. ISBN 978-1-4244-1921-0. S2CID 12874929. doi:10.1109/aspdac.2008.4484007. 
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谈判
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