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认知负荷

认知心理学中,认知负荷(英语:Cognitive load)是指工作记忆资源的使用量。认知负荷分为三种类型:内在(intrinsic)认知负荷是与特定主题相关的努力;外部(extraneous)认知负荷是指向学习者呈现资讯或任务的方式;密切的(germane)认知负荷是指为创建永久的知识存储(基模)所做的工作。

认知负荷理论是在 1980 年代后期根据约翰·斯威勒英语John Sweller问题解决的研究而发展起来的。[1]斯威勒认为,教学设计可用于减少学习者的认知负荷。后来,其他研究人员开发了一种方法来衡量感知到的心智努力,这表明认知负荷。[2][3] 任务引起的瞳孔反应(task-invoked pupillary response)是与工作记忆直接相关的认知负荷的可靠且灵敏的测量。[4] 资讯只有在首先被工作记忆注意和处理后,才能存储在长期记忆中。然而,工作记忆的容量和持续时间都极其有限。在某些情况下,这些限制会阻碍学习。沉重的认知负荷会对任务完成产生负面影响,需要注意的是,每个人对认知负荷的体验并不相同。老年人、学生和儿童会经历不同的认知负荷,而且往往更高。

认知负荷理论的基本原则是,如果更多地考虑工作记忆的作用和局限性,将会提高教学设计的品质。随着注意力分散的增加,学生更容易经历高认知负荷,这可能会影响学习成效。[5]

参考资料

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  1. ^ Sweller, John. Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning. Cognitive Science. April 1988, 12 (2): 257–285. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.459.9126可免费查阅. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1202_4. 
  2. ^ Paas, Fred G. W. C.; Van Merriënboer, Jeroen J. G. The Efficiency of Instructional Conditions: An Approach to Combine Mental Effort and Performance Measures. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 23 November 2016, 35 (4): 737–743. S2CID 67201799. doi:10.1177/001872089303500412. 
  3. ^ Skulmowski, Alexander; Rey, Günter Daniel. Measuring Cognitive Load in Embodied Learning Settings. Frontiers in Psychology. 2 August 2017, 8: 1191. PMC 5539229可免费查阅. PMID 28824473. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01191. 
  4. ^ Granholm, Eric; Asarnow, Robert F.; Sarkin, Andrew J.; Dykes, Karen L. Pupillary responses index cognitive resource limitations. Psychophysiology. July 1996, 33 (4): 457–461. PMID 8753946. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb01071.x. 
  5. ^ Frein, Scott T.; Jones, Samantha L.; Gerow, Jennifer E. When it comes to Facebook there may be more to bad memory than just multitasking. Computers in Human Behavior. November 2013, 29 (6): 2179–2182. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.031. 

参见

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认知负荷
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