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解析延拓

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解析延拓(英语:Analytic continuation)是数学上将解析函数从较小定义域拓展到更大定义域的方法。透过此方法,一些原先发散级数在新的定义域可具有迥异而有限的值。其中最知名的例子为Γ函数黎曼ζ函数

初步阐述

自然对数虚部之解析延拓

f为一解析函数,定义于复平面C中之一开子集 U,而VC中一更大且包含U之开子集。F为定义于V之解析函数,并使

F称为f之解析延拓。换过来说,将F函数限制在U则得到原先的f函数。

解析延拓具有唯一性:

V为两解析函数F1F2连通定义域,并使V包含U;若在U中所有的z使得

F1(z) = F2(z) = f(z),

则在V中所有点

F1 = F2

此乃因 F1 − F2亦为一解析函数,其值于f的开放连通定义域U上为0,必导致整个定义域上的值皆为0。此为全纯函数惟一性定理的直接结果。


应用

在复分析处理过程中定义函数的通常做法是,首先在较小的定义域中具体定义函数,然后通过解析延拓将其扩展到指定范围。在实际操作中,为了实现函数的连续性,我们需要在较小的定义域中建立函数方程, 然后通过这个方程拓展定义域。例如黎曼ζ函数Γ函数。全覆盖的概念最早用来定义解析函数解析延拓之后的自然定义域。寻找函数解析延拓后的最大定义域的想法最后导致了黎曼面的诞生。


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解析延拓
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