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角分辨光电子能谱学

角分辨光电子能谱学的实验过程[1].

角分辨光电子能谱学 (Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy,ARPES),是一种直接观测某固体里电子结构的方法,通常是利用极高的能量光子,照射某固体,并且观察电子散射,就可以知道某固体里的电子结构,这种技术对固态物理有很大的帮助。由于这种技术可以显示其准确度极高,曾经被喻为:一个可以看见电子结构的显微镜。(a microscope for where and how the electrons move)[2]而到了今天,角分辨光电子能谱学仍是观察电子结构的最佳利器。

原理

能量守恒:

  • 是出射线电子的动能(可测量值)
  • 是总的入射光子能(可测量值)
  • 电子的束缚能,相对于Fermi面
  • 电子功函数(把电子从样品移出到真空中需要的能量)

与电子动量相比,光子动量太小,常常忽略不计。 当样品表面光滑时,平移对称性要求样品面内电子动量分量可以转化为:

其中,

  • 是出射线电子的动量(通过测量角度可知)
  • 是电子初始动量

然而,电子动量的垂直分量无法保留。典型的处理方法就是假定终态是类自由电子的,这样的话,我们可以得到

其中, 表示从真空中能带深度,包括电子功函数可以仅通过测量垂直表面发射的电子的动能随入射光子能量的函数关系即可。

能量和动量色散关系可以通过解电子束缚能和电子波矢的关系式得到。

参考文献

外部链接

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角分辨光电子能谱学
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