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西关大屋 .
西关大屋建筑保护区 广州市文物保护单位 地址 荔湾区沙地一巷36号、逢源大街21号(小画舫斋)、8号、13号、逢源北街84号(陈廉仲故居 )、87号(蒋光鼐故居 )、逢源北横街9-11号 分类 古建筑 时代 清未—民初 编号 4-18 认定时间 1993年8月
西关大屋 ,俗称古老大屋 ,是中国 广州市 荔湾区 西关 一带兴建的富有岭南 特色的传统民居 ,多为名门望族、官僚巨贾所建。大部分西关大屋兴建于清朝 同治 、光绪 年间,主要分布在多宝路 、宝华路 、龙津路西 、上下九路 等地。最著名的西关大屋有坐落于宝源北街18号的“梁资政第”、坐落于多宝路的邓宫保第以及坐落于宝华路正中的钟家花园等,但现已不复存在。
建筑特点
室内布局 西关大屋的三重门 西关大屋多为砖木结构、青砖石脚、高大正门用花岗石 装嵌。其平面布局按中原传统的正堂屋形式,基本上是纵深方向展开。其设计为三间两廊,每厅为一进,全屋分二至三进。整体呈左右对称设计,中间为主要厅堂,从进门起分别为门厅(门官厅)、轿厅(茶厅)、正厅(神厅、大厅)、头房(长辈房)、二厅(饭厅)、二房(尾房)。厅之间用小天井隔开,天井上加小屋盖,设有高侧窗或天窗采光通风。厅两侧分别有书房和客房。门口装修设矮脚吊扇门、趟栊、硬木门等三重门扇。大屋两侧各有一条青云巷。其室内装修和陈设讲究,精巧雅致的木雕花饰,富有特色的满洲窗和槛窗装嵌着书画图案的彩色玻璃,名贵典雅的红木家具,处处都散发着浓郁的岭南韵味。现在龙津西路 、逢源路 一带比较集中的典型西关大屋民居已划为西关大屋建筑保护区 。
趟栊门
趟栊由十余根杯口粗的横木镶于两根竖板上,坚板下方安装有铁轨的“趟”字作动词解,意为拉动,拉动的方向并无一定的讲究,有的向左,也有的向右。趟栊的锁设在拉向的另一侧,暗藏于大木门后,是木制的顶闩,只须人在屋内用指轻按下,即可顶死趟栊不能开合。趟栊的作用是通风与防盗,它的木料由杉木或柚木、坤甸等所制,小孩已不能钻过其间空隙,而又不易锯断,对于防盗甚为有效。趟栊几乎都是素身无装饰的,仅在用料上有别,及在竖板的顶部雕成如意云纹。有极少的大屋在竖板朝外一侧刻有博古花纹等。
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