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行人 (官职).
古时朝廷设名为行人的官职,专司外交事务,是秦灭六国前的官职。行,指外交使节的行为举止。行人之名始见于《周礼》。
行人制度,起源甚早,舜时有“纳言”,夏时有“遒人”,[1]周时则有大、小行人之官。周代大行人:“掌大宾之礼及大客之仪,以亲诸侯,春朝诸侯而图天下之事,秋觐以比邦国之功,夏宗以陈天下之谟,冬遇以协诸侯之虑。时会以发四方之禁,殷同以施天下之政;时聘以结诸侯之好,殷覜以除邦国之慝;间问以谕诸侯之志,归脤以交诸侯之福,贺庆以赞诸侯之喜,致禬以补诸侯之灾。”;小行人:“掌邦国宾客之礼籍,以待四方之使者。令诸侯春入贡,秋献功;王亲受之,各以其国之籍礼之。凡诸侯入王,则逆劳于畿。及郊劳、视馆、将币,为承而摈。凡四方之使者,大客则摈,小客则受其币而听其辞。”关于《诗经》的集结,又有“行人采诗”之说。[2]汉代行人为大鸿胪属官,汉武帝时改称大行令。自三国至元代,皆无行人之职。[3]
明代行人“职专捧节奉使之事。凡颁行诏赦,册封宗室,抚谕诸蕃,征聘贤才,与夫赏赐、慰问、赈济、军旅、祭祀,咸叙差焉”。[4]明代行人之职先于其官署行人司而设,如洪武二年(1369年)奉明太祖之命以即位诏书告谕日本的杨载,其身份即为行人。[5]。但当时行人只是礼部属下的临时奉使人员,且无品级。行人司正式设立于洪武十三年(1380年), 属官有行人,正九品;左、右行人,从九品。不久改行人为司正,左、右行人为司副,更设行人345人。洪武二十七年(1394年)升行人司为七品衙门,因所任行人多孝廉出身,奉使往往难称朝廷旨意,遂定设行人司官40员,司正一人,正七品,左、右司副各一人,从七品,行人37人,正八品,皆以进士为之,非奉旨不得擅遣,行人之职始重。建文中,一度罢行人司,而以行人隶鸿胪寺,永乐时恢复旧制。嘉靖中,存三十七员。万历九年(1582年),裁行人5人,剩32人。[6]
- ^ 《左传·襄公十四年》杜预注:“遒人,行人之官也。木铎,木舌金铃。徇于路,求歌谣之言 。”
- ^ 汉代刘歆《与扬雄书》言:“诏问:三代周秦轩车使者、逌(遒)人使者,以岁八月巡路,求代语、童谣、歌戏。”班固《汉书·艺文志》亦云:“古有采诗之官,王者所以观风俗,知得失,自考正也。”又《食货志》云:“孟春之月,群居者将散,行人振木铎,徇于路以采诗;献之大师,比其音律,以闻于天子。故曰:王者不窥牖户而知天下。”
- ^ 李云泉著.朝贡制度史论:中国古代对外关系体制研究.新华出版社,2004年09月第1版.
- ^ 《明史》卷74。<职官三>,第1809--1810页
- ^ 严从简:《殊域周咨录》卷2,<日本国>,中华书局1993年版,第5l页
- ^ 《明会典》卷117,<行人司>;《明史》卷74,‘职官三)。
[在维基数据编辑]
- 《钦定古今图书集成·明伦汇编·官常典·行人司部》,出自陈梦雷《古今图书集成》
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