蝉
蝉科 化石时期：古新世晚期至今,
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| 日本暮蝉（Tanna japonensis） | |
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| 卡氏十七年蝉（Magicicada cassini） | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲： | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
| 目： | 半翅目 Hemiptera |
| 亚目： | 颈喙亚目 Auchenorrhyncha |
| 下目： | 蝉下目 Cicadomorpha |
| 总科： | 蝉总科 Cicadoidea |
| 科： | 蝉科 Cicadidae Westwood, 1840 |
| 亚科[注 1] | |
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蝉科（学名：Cicadidae）是蝉总科下的一科，其下物种通称为蝉，其特色为雄虫腹胸交界处有发声器，收缩振动而产生很大的鸣叫声，雌虫则无此器官；成虫与若虫均头宽大于胸宽，且具两突出的复眼，均吸食植物汁液为生，惟若虫于地下挖洞穴居，成熟后爬上树干羽化，成虫四翅薄而多为透明。因其鸣叫声音，又俗称“知了”，或作：蛭
蝉科广泛分布于全球温带至热带地区（已知纪录约2500种蝉）。一些分布于沙漠地区的种类，当体温过热时，会从背板（tergum）排出多余的水分，进而达到冷却及散热的效果（原理与人类流汗类似）。[2][3]
名称
蝉的英语 cicada 源自拉丁语，意指“栖息于树上，像蟋蟀一样会鸣叫的”；但英语有时称蝉为 locust[4]，尽管与蝗虫没有确切关系。希腊语为 τέττῑξ / téttīx （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 或 τζίτζικας / tzítzikas （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），两者皆为拟声词，即模仿蝉的鸣声。
古人对蝉的称呼有：蜩[注 2][注 3]、螗[注 4]（较小的蝉）[5][6]、蜺[注 5]（寒蝉）、𧔢[7][注 6]、䗃[注 7]、䗁[注 8]、蝒[注 9]（声响的大黑蝉）、螓[注 10]（方头广额的小蝉）、蠽[注 11]、五色、日暮、丕蜩、茅蜩、秋蜩、蚱蝉（同蝒）[8]、寒蜩[注 12]、寒螀[注 13]、螂蜩[注 14]、蜻蜻、蜓蛛、蜩螗[9]、螗蜩（不同于蜩螗，为一种小蝉）[10][11]、蟪蛄、螗蛦[注 15]、马蜩、蛁蟟[注 16][12]、螇螰[注 17][12]、蝭蟧[注 18][13][14]。
汉字中“蝉”最早出现于商代至西周间，构造上属于形声字。形符“虫”为“虫”的古字，在当时是对动物的泛称（五虫）；而声符“单”亦兼表字义，带有“发出声响”的意涵。
特征
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大多数蝉的体型通常不大，成虫体长多在2至5厘米（0.79至1.97英寸）之间，少数种类，例如世界最大的帝王蝉（Megapomponia imperatoria）翼展就达20厘米（7.9英寸），体长约7厘米（2.8英寸）[15][16]；同样栖息于南亚地区的一种大型蝉（Tacua speciosa，有“青襟油蝉”或“婆罗洲巨蝉”等名称）翼展也有18厘米（7.1英寸），其体长则约4至5厘米（1.6至2.0英寸）[17]。蝉的外骨骼很坚硬，双翅相当发达，多为透明或半透明（双翅完全不透明的种类通常翅面颜色较为鲜明，且多分布于靠近热带的地区），上面有明显的翅脉。
一般来说，蝉的头部宽而短，具有明显突出的额唇基（clypeus）。触角短，呈须状。口器细长，口器内有食管与唾液管，属于刺吸式。胸部则包括前胸、中胸及后胸，其中前胸和中胸较长。3个胸部都具有一对足，腿节粗壮发达（若虫前脚用来挖掘，腿节膨大，带刺）。
蝉的腹部呈长锥形，总共有10个腹节，第9腹节成为尾节。雄蝉第1、第2腹节具发音器，第10腹节形成肛门；雌蝉第10腹节形成产卵管，且较为膨大。
眼睛
蝉的视力相当良好，有五只眼睛，包括两只复眼和三只单眼。复眼突出，位于头部两侧且分得很开。
发声
Trommelorgan - 鼓室
Schallplatten - 鼓膜
Schallplattenmuskel - 发音肌
Trommelfell - 镜膜
Stigma - 气门
雄性蝉身体两侧有能够发出很大声响的发声构造（也称为“鼓室”），主要包括背瓣、腹瓣、鼓膜、发音肌（鼓膜肌）、腱盘、腱突起、腹面调节肌、镜膜、褶膜（折膜）、第三气门、共鸣室（气室）等。为了发音，牠们常趴在树干上，向前或左右扭动腹部来调节发出的声响；而发出来的响声常被称为蝉的“歌声”，与一般以摩擦方式发声的昆虫（如蟋蟀）不同。雌蝉没有发声器。
习性
生活史
周期蝉的生活史
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周期蝉
比较著名的蝉是“十七年蝉”或周期蝉（Magicicada）。原产于美国东部地区，这些蝉的若虫在地下蛰伏十三或十七年，然后破土而出。
根据牠们出现的年份，周期蝉被分为30个“群”。群1号到17号是十七年蝉，群18号到30号是十三年蝉。一些群并不存在，但为了方便起见而保留。群4号已于公元2003年出现。而下一次的十三年蝉为将于公元2011年出现的群19号。群10号，一种十七年蝉，已经出现于公元2004年5月的新泽西州和北卡罗莱纳州。
分类学
狭义的蝉仅局限于蝉科的昆虫[18][19]，广义的蝉则指蝉总科的所有昆虫（蝉总科有两个科：蝉科与螽蝉科 Tettigarctidae）；此外，不只蝉总科的昆虫，整个蝉下目的昆虫都被冠上蝉的名字，分类如下（参见蝉下目）[20]：
- 蝉下目 Cicadomorpha（Clypeorrhyncha, Clypeata）
- 蝉总科 Cicadoidea
- 沫蝉总科 Cercopoidea
- 角蝉总科 Membracoidea：旧作叶蝉总科 Cicadelloidea
- † 古蝉总科 Palaeontinoidea
而蝉科的组成如下：
- 蝉科
- 草蝉族（Moganniini）[1]
- 草蝉属（Mogannia）
- 扶桑蝉属（Nipponosemia）
- 草蝉族（Moganniini）[1]
- 蝉族 Cicadini
属
- Abagazara Distant, 1905
- Abricta Stål, 1866
- Abroma Stål, 1866
- Acanthoventris Ruschel, 2023
- Aceropyga Duffels, 1977
- Acuticephala Torres, 1958
- Acyroneura Torres, 1958
- Adelia Moulds, 2012
- Adeniana Distant, 1906
- Adusella Haupt, 1918
- Aedeastria Boer, 1990
- Aestuansella Boulard, 1981
- Aetanna Lee, 2014
- Afromelampsalta Sanborn & Villet, 2020
- Afzeliada Boulard, 1972
- Ahomana Distant, 1905
- Akamba Distant, 1905
- Alarcta Torres, 1958
- Albanycada Villet, 1989
- Aleeta Moulds, 2003
- Allobroma Duffels, 2011
- Ambragaeana Chou & Yao, 1985
- Amphipsalta Flemming, 1969
- Anapsaltoda Ashton, 1921
- Angamiana Distant, 1890
- Anopercalna Boulard, 2008
- Anopercalnina Boulard, 2008
- Antankaria Distant, 1904
- Aragualna Champanhet, Boulard & Gaiani, 2000
- Arcystasia Distant, 1882
- Arenopsaltria Ashton, 1921
- Arfaka Distant, 1905
- Ariasa Distant, 1905
- Arunta Distant, 1904
- Atrapsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Attenuella Boulard, 1973
- Auritibicen Lee, 2015
- Auscala Moulds, 2012
- Auta Distant, 1897
- Ayesha Distant, 1905
- Ayuthia Distant, 1919
- Babras Jacobi, 1907
- Baeturia Stål, 1866
- Bafutalna Boulard, 1993
- Balinta Distant, 1905
- Basa Distant, 1905
- Bavea Distant, 1905
- Beameria Davis, 1934
- Becquartina Kato, 1940
- Becquartinaria Boulard, 2005
- Berberigetta Costa, Nunes, Marabuto, Mendes & Simões, 2017
- Bergalna Boulard & Martinelli, 1996
- Bijaurana Distant, 1912
- Birrima Distant, 1906
- Bispinalta Delorme, 2017
- Biura Lee & Sanborn, 2015
- Borencona Davis, 1928
- Brachylobopyga Duffels, 1982
- Brevialavenosa Sanborn, 2021
- Brevisiana Boulard, 1972
- Brevitanna Lee, 2022
- Burbunga Distant, 1905
- Burbungoides Moulds, Frese & McCurry, 2022
- Burmacicada Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012
- Burmacicada protera Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012[21]
- Buyisa Distant, 1907
- Cabecita Lee, 2014
- Cacama Distant, 1904
- Cacamam
- Calcagninus Distant, 1892
- Caledopsalta Delorme, 2018
- Caliginopsalta Ewart, 2005
- Calipsalta Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Calliopsida Torres, 1958
- Callogaeana Chou & Yao, 1985
- Calopsaltria Stål, 1861
- Calyria Stål, 1862
- Camuracicada Moulds, 2018
- Cantata Lee & Pham, 2021
- Canualna Boulard, 1985
- Capcicada Villet, 1989
- Carineta Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Cephalalna Boulard, 2006
- Chalumalna Boulard, 2001
- Champaka Distant, 1905
- Chelapsalta Moulds, 2012
- Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014
- Chinaria Davis, 1934
- Chlorocysta Westwood, 1851
- Chloropsalta Haupt, 1920
- Chonosia Distant, 1905
- Chremistica Stål, 1870
- Chrysocicada Boulard, 1989
- Chrysolasia Moulds, 2003
- Cicada Linnaeus, 1758
- Cicadatra Kolenati, 1857
- Cicadatrini Distant, 1905
- Cicadetta Kolenati, 1857
- Cicadettana Marshall & Hil, 2017
- Cicadmalleus Boulard & Puissant, 2013
- Citroriginis Sanborn, 2021
- Clidophleps Van Duzee, 1915
- Clinata Moulds, 2012
- Clinopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Coata Distant, 1906
- Cochleopsaltria Pham & Constant, 2017
- Conibosa Distant, 1905
- Cornuplura Davis, 1944
- Cosmopsaltria Stål, 1866
- Cracenpsaltria Sanborn, 2016
- Crassisternalna Boulard, 1980
- Crassopsaltria Boulard, 2008
- Crotopsalta Ewart, 2005
- 蚱蝉属 Cryptotympana Stål, 1861
- Curvicicada Chou & Lu, 1997
- Cyclochila Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Cylochila
- Cystopsaltria Goding & Froggatt, 1904
- Cystosoma Westwood, 1842
- Davispia Cooper, 1941
- Daza Distant, 1905
- Dazollina Sanborn, 2018
- Decebalus Distant, 1920
- Deremeces Sanborn, 2021
- Derotettix Berg, 1882
- Diceroprocta Stål, 1870
- Diceropyga Stål, 1870
- Diemeniana Distant, 1906
- Dilobopyga Duffels, 1977
- Dimissalna Boulard, 2007
- Dinarobia Mamet, 1957
- Dipsopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Distantada Orian, 1963
- Distantalna Boulard, 2009
- Dominicicada Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012
- Dominicicada youngi Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012[21]
- Dorachosa Distant, 1892
- Dorisiana Metcalf, 1952
- Drymopsalta Ewart, 2005
- Duffelsa Wang, Jiang & Wei, 2023
- Dulderana Distant, 1905
- Dundubia Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Durangona Distant, 1911
- Dyticodopoea Sanborn, 2020
- Dyticopycna Sanborn, 2020
- Elachysoma Torres, 1964
- Elassoneura Torres, 1964
- Emathia Stål, 1866
- Eopycna Sanborn, 2020
- Epora Stål, 1866
- Erempsalta Moulds, 2012
- Esada Boulard, 1973
- Euboeana Gogala, Trilar & Drosopoulos, 2011
- Euryphara Horváth, 1912
- 姬春蝉属 Euterpnosia Matsumura, 1917
- Euthemopsaltria Moulds, 2014
- Ewartia Moulds, 2012
- Falcatpsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Feoichnus Krause, Bown, Bellosi & Genise, 2008
- Fidicina Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Fidicinoides Boulard & Martinelli, 1996
- Fijipsalta Duffels, 1988
- Fonsecacicada Martins-Neto & Mendes, 2002
- 虎翅蝉属 Formocicada Lee & Hayashi, 2004
- Formosemia Matsumura, 1917
- Formotosena Kato, 1925
- Fractuosella Boulard, 1979
- Froggattoides Distant, 1910
- Gaeana Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Gagatopsalta Ewart, 2005
- Galanga Moulds, 2012
- Galgoria Lee, 2016
- Gazuma Distant, 1905
- Gelidea Moulds, 2012
- Germalna Delorme, 2018
- Ggomapsalta Lee, 2009
- Gibbocicada Ruschel, 2018
- Glaucopsaltria Goding & Froggatt, 1904
- Graminitigrina Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina aurora Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
- Graminitigrina bolloni Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina bowensis Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina carnarvonensis Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina einasleighi Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
- Graminitigrina flindensis Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
- Graminitigrina karumbae Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina selwynensis Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
- Graminitigrina triodiae Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina uluruensis Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017[22]
- Graptopsaltria Motschulsky, 1866
- Graptopsaltria Stål, 1866
- Graptotettix Stål, 1866
- Guaranisaria Distant, 1905
- Gudanga Distant, 1905
- Guineapsaltria Boer, 1993
- Guyalna Boulard & Martinelli, 1996
- Gymnotympana Stål, 1861
- Hadoa Moulds, 2015
- Haemopsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Hainanosemia Kato, 1927
- Hamza Distant, 1904
- Haphsa Distant, 1905
- 碧蝉属 Hea Distant, 1906
- Heliopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Hemidictya Burmeister, 1835
- Hemisciera Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Henicopsaltria Stål, 1866
- Henicotettix Stål, 1858
- Heremusina Ewart, 2018
- Herrera Distant, 1905
- Heteropsaltria Jacobi, 1902
- Hilaphura Webb, 1979
- Hovana Distant, 1905
- Huechys Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Hyalessa China, 1925
- Hyantia Stål, 1866
- Hylora Boulard, 1971
- Illyria Moulds, 1985
- Imbabura Distant, 1911
- Inflatopyga Duffels, 1997
- Ingcainyenzane Sanborn & Villet, 2020
- Inthaxara Distant, 1913
- Ioba Distant, 1904
- Iruana Distant, 1905
- Jacatra Distant, 1905
- Jafuna Distant, 1912
- Jassopsaltria Ashton, 1914
- Juanaria Distant, 1920
- Kageralna Boulard, 2012
- Kalabita Moulton, 1923
- Kalarko Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Kamalata Distant, 1889
- Kanakia Distant, 1892
- Kaphsa Lee, 2012
- Karenia Distant, 1888
- Karscheliana Boulard, 1990
- Katoa Ôuchi, 1938
- Khimbya Distant, 1905
- Kikihia Dugdale, 1972
- Kimberpsaltria Moulds, Marshall & Popple, 2021
- Kintusamo Szwedo, 2019
- Klapperichicen Dlabola, 1957
- Kobonga Distant, 1906
- Koma Distant, 1904
- Kongota Distant, 1904
- Koranna Distant, 1905
- Kosemia Matsumura, 1927
- Kumanga Distant, 1905
- Lacetas Karsch, 1890
- Lahugada Distant, 1905
- Lamotialna Boulard, 1976
- Laopsaltria Moulds, Frese & McCurry, 2022
- Lembeja Distant, 1892
- Lemuriana Distant, 1905
- Leptopsaltria Stål, 1866
- Leptosemia Matsumura, 1917
- Lethama Distant, 1905
- Ligymolpa Karsch, 1890
- Limnopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Linguacicada Chou & Lu, 1997
- Lithocicada Cockerell, 1906
- Luangwana Distant, 1914
- Lycurgus China, 1925
- Lyristes Horváth, 1926
- 大蝉属 Macrosemia Kato, 1925
- Macrotristria Stål, 1870
- 周期蝉 Magicicada Davis, 1925
- Majeorona Distant, 1905
- Malagasia Distant, 1882
- Malgachialna Boulard, 1980
- Malgotilia Boulard, 1980
- Malloryalna Sanborn, 2016
- Manna Lee & Emery, 2013
- Maoricicada Dugdale, 1972
- Mapondera Distant, 1905
- Mariekea Jong & Boer, 2004
- Maroboduus Distant, 1920
- Marteena Moulds, 1986
- Masamia Lee & Emery, 2013
- Masupha Distant, 1892
- Mata Distant, 1906
- Maua Distant, 1905
- Megapomponia Boulard, 2005
- Megatibicen Sanborn & Heath, 2016
- Meimuna Distant, 1905
- Melampsalta Amyot, 1847
- Melampsalta Kolenati, 1857
- Melanesiana Delorme, 2017
- Mendozana Distant, 1906
- Minilomia Lee, 2013
- Minipomponia Boulard, 2008
- Miniterpnosia Lee, 2013
- Minyscapheus Poinar Jr., Kritsky & Brown, 2012
- Minyscapheus dominicanus Poinar Jr., Kritsky & Brown, 2012[23]
- Miocenoprasia Boulard & Riou, 1999
- Mirabilopsaltria Boer, 1996
- Miranha Distant, 1905
- Moana Myers, 1928
- Mogannia Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Monomatapa Distant, 1897
- Mosaica Lee & Emery, 2013
- Mouia Distant, 1920
- Mouldspsaltria Sanborn, 2021
- Muansa Distant, 1904
- Muda Distant, 1897
- Mugadina Moulds, 2012
- Munza Distant, 1904
- Mura Distant, 1905
- Muraoides Sanborn, 2018
- Murmurillana Delorme, 2016
- Murphyalna Boulard, 2012
- Musimoia China, 1929
- Musoda Karsch, 1890
- Myersalna Boulard, 1988
- Myopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Nabalua Moulton, 1923
- Nablistes Karsch, 1891
- Nanopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Nelbroma Sanborn, 2021
- Nelcyndana Distant, 1906
- Neocicada Kato, 1932
- Neomuda Distant, 1920
- Neoncotympana Lee, 2011
- Neoplatypedia Davis, 1920
- Neopsaltoda Distant, 1910
- Neopunia Moulds, 2012
- Neopurana Lee & Marshall, 2023
- Neoterpnosia Lee & Emery, 2014
- Neotibicen Hill & Moulds, 2015
- Nggeliana Boulard, 1979
- Nigripsaltria Boer, 1999
- Noongara Moulds, 2012
- Nosoarna Ruschel & Sanborn, 2021
- Nosola Stål, 1866
- Notopsalta Dugdale, 1972
- Novemcella Goding, 1925
- Nyara Villet, 1999
- Odopoea Stål, 1861
- Okanagana Distant, 1905
- Okanagodes Davis, 1919
- Oligoglena Horváth, 1912
- Ollanta Distant, 1905
- 蛁蟟属 Oncotympana Stål, 1870
- Onomacritus Distant, 1912
- Onoralna Boulard, 1996
- Orapa Distant, 1905
- Orellana Distant, 1905
- Orialella Metcalf, 1952
- Orientafroinsularis Sanborn, 2021
- Orientopsaltria Kato, 1944
- Oudeboschia Distant, 1920
- Oudeboshia Distant, 1920
- Owra Ashton, 1912
- Oxypleura Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Pacarina Distant, 1905
- Pachypsaltria Stål, 1861
- Paectira Karsch, 1890
- Pagiphora Horváth, 1912
- Paharia Distant, 1905
- Pakidetta Sanborn & Ahmed, 2017
- Palapsalta Moulds, 2012
- Paleopsalta Moulds, 2018
- Panialna Delorme, 2016
- Panka Distant, 1905
- Papuapsaltria Boer, 1995
- Paracicadetta Boulard & Nel, 1990
- Paradina Moulds, 2012
- Paranistria Metcalf, 1952
- Paranosia Lee, 2014
- Paratalainga He, 1984
- Paratanna Lee, 2012
- Parnisa Stål, 1862
- Parnkalla Distant, 1905
- Parnquila Moulds, 2012
- Parvittya Distant, 1905
- Parvopsalta Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Paulaudalna Delorme, 2017
- Pauropsalta Goding & Froggatt, 1904
- Pedana Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Pegapsaltria Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Pericallea Moulds, Marshall & Hutchinson, 2022
- Philipsalta Lee, Marshall & Hill, 2016
- Physeema Moulds, 2012
- Pictila Moulds, 2012
- Pinheya Dlabola, 1965
- Pipilopsalta Ewart, 2005
- Platylomia Stål, 1870
- Platypedia Uhler, 1888
- 蟪蛄属 Platypleura Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Platypsalta Moulds, 2012
- Plautilla Stål, 1865
- Plerapsalta Moulds, 2012
- Polyneura Westwood, 1840
- Pompanonia Boulard, 1982
- Pomponia Stål, 1866
- Popplepsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Poviliana Boulard, 1997
- Prasia Stål, 1863
- Prasinosoma Torres, 1963
- Proarna Stål, 1864
- Procollina Metcalf, 1952
- Prosotettix Jacobi, 1907
- Prunasis Stål, 1862
- Psallodia Uhler, 1903
- Psalmocharias Kirkaldy, 1908
- Psaltoda Stål, 1861
- Psephenotettix Torres, 1958
- Pseudokanakia Delorme, 2016
- Pseudotettigetta Puissant, 2010
- Psilotympana Stål, 1861
- Psithyristria Stål, 1870
- Punia Moulds, 2012
- Purana Distant, 1905
- Puranoides Moulton, 1917
- Pycna Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Pygmaeodopoea Sanborn, 2020
- Pyropsalta Moulds, 2012
- Quesada Distant, 1905
- Quintilia Stål, 1866
- Qurana Lee, 2009
- Raiateana Boulard, 1979
- Relictapsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Rhadinopyga Duffels, 1985
- Rhaeboepelis Ruschel & Sanborn, 2021
- Rhinopsalta Melichar, 1908
- Rhodopsalta Dugdale, 1972
- Rouxalna Boulard, 1999
- Rustia Stål, 1866
- Sadaka Distant, 1904
- Sahyaterpnosia Sadasivan & Sarkar, 2023
- Sahyaterpnosia laevospina Sadasivan & Sarkar, 2023[24]
- Salvazana Distant, 1913
- Samaecicada Popple & Emery, 2010
- Sapantanga Distant, 1905
- Sapantanga Ruschel & Campos, 2019
- Saticula Stål, 1866
- Scieroptera Stål, 1866
- Scolopita Chou & Lei, 1997
- Scottotympana Boer, 1991
- Sechellalna Boulard, 2010
- Selymbria Stål, 1861
- Semia Matsumura, 1917
- Severiana Boulard, 1972
- Shaoshia Wei, Ahmed & Rizvi, 2010
- Simona Moulds, 2012
- Sinapsaltria Kato, 1940
- Sinocicadoprosbole Mi, Zhang & Sun, 1993
- Songga Lee, 2016
- Soudaniella Boulard, 1972
- Spoerryana Boulard, 1974
- Stagea Villet, 1994
- Stagira Stål, 1861
- Stellenboschia Distant, 1920
- Strepuntalna Delorme, 2017
- Strumosella Boulard, 1973
- Strumoseura Villet, 1999
- Subpsaltria Chen, 1943
- Subtibicina Lee, 2012
- Suisha Kato, 1928
- Sulphogaeana Chou & Yao, 1985
- Sundabroma Duffels, 2011
- Sylphoides Moulds, 2012
- Tacua Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Taipinga Distant, 1905
- 暗蝉属 Taiwanosemia Matsumura, 1917
- Takapsalta Matsumura, 1927
- 红眼蝉属 Talainga Distant, 1890
- Talcopsaltria Moulds, 2008
- Tamasa Distant, 1905
- Tanna Distant, 1905
- Tanyocicada Moulds, 2020
- Taona Distant, 1909
- Taphura Stål, 1862
- Taungia Ollenbach, 1928
- Taurella Moulds, 2012
- Telmapsalta Moulds, 2012
- Terepsalta Moulds, 2012
- Terpnosia Distant, 1892
- Tettigades Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Tettigetta Kolenati, 1857
- Tettigettacula Puissant, 2010
- Tettigettalna Puissant, 2010
- Tettigettula Puissant, 2010
- Tettigomyia Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Tettigotoma Torres, 1942
- Thaumastopsaltria Kirkaldy, 1900
- Thopha Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Tibeta Lei & Chou, 1997
- Tibicina Kolenati, 1857
- Tibicinoides Distant, 1914
- Timbaltransversa Sanborn, 2021
- Tithopsaltria Moulds, Frese & McCurry, 2022
- Torrescada Sanborn & Heath, 2017
- Tosena Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Toseria
- Toulgoetalna Boulard, 1982
- Toxala Moulds, 2012
- Toxopeusella Schmidt, 1926
- Trengganua Moulton, 1923
- Triglena Fieber, 1875
- Trismarcha Karsch, 1891
- Tryella Moulds, 2003
- Tymocicada Becker-Migdisova, 1954
- Tympanistalna Boulard, 1982
- Tympanoterpes Stål, 1861
- Ueana Distant, 1905
- Ugada Distant, 1904
- Uhleroides Distant, 1912
- Umjaba Distant, 1904
- Unduncus Duffels, 2011
- Unipomponia Lee, 2014
- Urabunana Distant, 1905
- Uradolichos Moulds, 2012
- Vagitanus Distant, 1918
- Vastarena Delorme, 2016
- Venustria Goding & Froggatt, 1904
- Versicolora Wei, Wang, Hayashi, He & Pham, 2020
- Vietanna Lee & Pham, 2021
- Viettealna Boulard, 1980
- Vittagaeana Hill et al., 2021
- Vittagaeana Moulds, Sarkar, Lee & Marshall, 2021
- Xeropsalta Ewart, 2018
- Xosopsaltria Kirkaldy, 1904
- Xossarella Boulard, 1980
- Yanga Distant, 1904
- Yezoterpnosia Matsumura, 1917
- Yoyetta Moulds, 2012
- Zammara Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Zammaralna Boulard & Sueur, 1996
- Zaphsa Lee & Emery, 2014
- Zouga Distant, 1906
图集
其它
食用
在中国，蝉的刚出土的若虫，称知了猴、知了龟、蝉牛、蝉猴等，被视为一种食材，油炸、蒸煮或烧烤后可以食用。活的或腌渍后的蝉若虫也会在市面上销售。[25]但因富含异体蛋白，过敏体质者应谨慎食用。[26]
医药
蝉若虫的壳—“蝉蜕”，是一种中药材[注 19]。此外，卵、若虫、成虫等遭受如真菌等微生物寄生，将产生“蝉花”，原理可以以冬虫夏草的方式思维，只是它们应用上的药效却大不相同。[27]。
遭寄生
参考来源
- 书目
- Allen F. Sanborn. Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Elsevier. 31 October 2013: 1002页 [2013]. ISBN 978-0-12-416638-7 （英语）.
- 陈振祥. 张蕙芬 , 编. 《台灣賞蟬圖鑑》（A field guide of cicadas in Taiwan）. 台北市: 天下远见出版. 2007-06-29 [2007]. ISBN 978-986-417-958-9 （中文）.（繁体中文）
- Masayo Katō. Cicadidae: (Insecta). Biogeographical Society of Japan, National Science Museum. 1961.
- 引用
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 陈振祥 2007，第38-39页
- ^ Neil F. Hadley, Michael C. Quinlan & Michael L. Kennedy. "Evaporative cooling in the desert cicada: thermal efficiency and water / metabolic costs" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 1991, 159: 269–283 [2014-03-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-11-17）.
- ^ Toolson, Eric C. "Water Profligacy as an Adaptation to Hot Deserts: Water Loss Rates and Evaporative Cooling in the Sonoran Desert Cicada, Diceroprocta apache（Homoptera: Cicadidae）". Physiological Zoology. 1987, 60 (4): 379–385.
- ^ Milne, Lorus; Milne, Margery. North American Insects & Spiders. Knopf Publishing. 1980. ISBN 0-394-50763-0.
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-19）.
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-18）.
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-18）.
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-18）.
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-18）.
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-21）.
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-18）.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 說文解字.
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-18）.
- ^ https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/variants/rbt/word_attribute.rbt?educode=B04330
- ^ Rainer Flindt. Amazing Numbers in Biology. 2006: p.10. ISBN 978-3540301462.
- ^ Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert. International Wildlife Encyclopedia. 4, Chickaree - crabs 3rd. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2002: 455. ISBN 0-7614-7270-3.
- ^ W. L. Distant. A Monograph of Oriental Cicadidae. London, West. 1892.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Sanborn 2013
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Masayo Katō 1961
- ^ C. H. Dietrich. Resh, V. H. & Carde, R. T. , 编. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. 2003. ISBN 0123741440 （英语）.
- ^ 21.0 21.1 George Poinar Jr.,Gene Kritsky．Morphological conservatism in the foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen., n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)[J]．Historical Biology: an international journal of paleobiology,2012,25(5)
- ^ A. Ewart, L.W. Popple and K.B.R Hill. 2017. Five New Species of Grass Cicadas in the Genus Graminitigrina (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia: Comparative Morphology, Songs, Behaviour and Distributions. Zootaxa. 4228(1); 1–62. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4228.1.1
- ^ George Poinar Jr,Gene Kritsky,Alex Brown．Minyscapheus dominicanus n. gen., n. sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), a fossil cicada in Dominican amber[J]．Historical Biology: an international journal of paleobiology,2012,24(3)
- ^ Kalesh Sadasivan and Vivek Sarkar. 2023. A New Genus and Species of Leptopsaltriini (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the Agasthyamalais of the Western Ghats in Peninsular India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 16(2); 163-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2023.03.009
- ^ 丹治翔. 請勿抓幼蟬來「吃」 公園告示板引發網路討論. 朝日新闻. 2018-08-21 [2018-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-17）.
- ^ 过敏性体质慎吃知了猴. 网易. 京华时报. [2019-02-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-23）.
- ^ 陈振祥 2007，第36页
- ^ 台湾蛾讯, 张贴者：. 臺灣蛾訊 MOTHS of Taiwan. [2017-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-15）.
- ^ 张保信。1989。《台湾蛾类图说（一） （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）》。台湾省立博物馆。
- ^ 陈振祥 2007，第35页
注释
- ^ 除以上介绍的亚科外，还有许多分类未定的亚科，包括翅蝉亚科（Platypediinae）、齿蝉亚科（Ydiellinae）、胸蝉亚科（Plautillinae）等[1]
- ^ “蜩”与“条”同音
- ^ 宋本《广韵·下平声·萧·迢》蜩：大蝉。《大雅》如蜩如螗。《传》蜩，蝉也。螗，蝘也。《疏》《释虫》云：蜩、螂、蜩、螗，舍人曰：皆蝉也。《尔雅·释虫》蜩，螂蜩。《说苑·杂言》记载《诗》云：‘苑彼柳斯，鸣蜩嚖嚖。’《诗经·豳风·七月》：“四月秀葽，五月鸣蜩。”《庄子·逍遥游》：“蜩与学鸠笑之曰：‘我决起而飞，抢榆枋时则不至，而控于地而已矣。’”
- ^ “螗”与“唐”同音
- ^ “蜺”与“泥”同音
- ^ “𧔢”与“钱”同音
- ^ “䗃”与“栈”同音
- ^ “䗁”与“继”同音
- ^ “蝒”与“棉”同音
- ^ “螓”与“秦”同音
- ^ “蠽”与“节”同音，一种小型蝉
- ^ “寒蜩”同“寒螀”，属一种寒蝉，较小型，体色青赤
- ^ “螀”与“江”同音；寒螀，即寒蜩
- ^ “螂”与“郎”同音
- ^ “蛦”与“夷”同音
- ^ 与“刁辽”同音
- ^ 与“奚鹿”同音
- ^ 与“蹄牢”同音
- ^ 蝉壳、蝉衣，蝉自蛹状若虫化为成虫时所脱下的壳，李时珍《本草纲目》 虫部
相关
大众文化
外部链接
- 周期蝉 - 密歇根大学 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（英文）
- 周期蝉 - 维吉尼亚理工 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（英文）
- 周期蝉群5号 - 美国农业部 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（英文）
- 蝉的图片 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（英文）
- 白水大荔严打果林地养知了行为 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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