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蜜蚁

蜜罐蚁属英语Myrmecocystus的蜜罐蚁,包含腹部富含糖蜜的贮蜜蚁及底下的一般工蚁

蜜蚁(英语:Honey Ant),又称之为蜜壶蚁蜜罐蚁Honeypot Ant),是蜜罐蚁属英语Myrmecocystus弓背蚁属等几属蚂蚁的统称,最大特征在于具有一种称为贮蜜蚁(英语:repletes[1], plerergates, rotunds)的特殊阶级,这些工蚁由其他工蚁喂食直到其腹部胀满,类似于贮藏室英语larder。其他蚁群成员则能在食物缺乏时从这些贮蜜蚁取得营养。1881 年由亨利·C·麦库克英语Henry Christopher McCook首次记录[2][3],并于 1908 年由威廉·莫顿·惠勒英语William Morton Wheeler正式发表[4]

行为

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许多昆虫,尤其是蜜蜂与数种胡蜂,会收集并储存蜂蜜在蜂巢中。而蜜罐蚁最特别的地方在于牠们演化出专门负责储存糖蜜的贮蜜蚁阶级。当需要食物时,工蚁会去碰触贮蜜蚁的触角,而贮蜜蚁就会将储存在嗉囊的糖蜜反刍吐回来喂予工蚁[4][5]

解剖学

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蜜蚁与人手大小的比较。其腹部因存满了糖蜜而膨胀,背部每节骨片英语sclerite节节分离,骨片间的关节膜清晰可见

部分蜜罐蚁如膨咕巨山蚁(Camponotus inflatus)的腹部由坚硬的骨片英语sclerite与柔软的关节膜所组成。当没有储存糖蜜时,关节膜会收折并且使骨片重叠,外型就与一般蚂蚁相差无异。而当腹部充满糖蜜时,关节膜会完全撑开,使得骨片之间分离[6]

环境学

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蜜罐蚁属英语Myrmecocystus的巢穴可以在多种干燥及半干燥气候的环境中发现。某些物种生活在特别炎热的沙漠、某些物种生活在过渡性的栖息地、也有一些物种生活在低温但仍然十分干燥的林地。例如墨西哥蜜罐蚁英语Myrmecocystus mexicanusMyrmecocystus mexicanus)就栖息在美国西南部的干燥及半干燥气候栖息地,不能生育的工蚁在食物稀少时会成为贮蜜蚁。当腹部完全填满糖蜜时,这些贮蜜蚁会失去行走的能力,只能倒挂在地下巢穴的穴顶。其他工蚁则会从贮蜜蚁身上汲取糖蜜并且喂给蚁群中的其他成员。贮蜜蚁主要分布于巢穴的地下深处,肿胀的腹部可以膨胀到葡萄大小[7]

根据纪录,澳洲的膨咕巨山蚁(Camponotus inflatus),1063 只蚂蚁的蚁群中约有 49%(516只)为贮蜜蚁,4019 只蚂蚁的蚁群则有 46%(1835只)为贮蜜蚁。较小的蚁群具有 6 只无翼的蚁后。较大的蚁群中有 66 个蚁室具有贮蜜蚁,最多在一个蚁室中可以发现 191 只贮蜜蚁。最大只的贮蜜蚁体长为 15毫米(0.59英寸),体重达 1.4克(0.049盎司)。蚁巢最深可达 1.7米(5英尺7英寸),蚁巢隧道最深处离巢穴口约 2.4米(7英尺10英寸)。工蚁在白天时会出外收集无脉相思树英语Acacia aneura的花蜜及蓝舌石龙子英语Blue-tongued skink的尸体[8]

具有蜜罐蚁行为的属

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蜜罐蚁在多个季节性活跃的蚂蚁属别中都可以发现[9]

人文

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一些蚂蚁例如 Melophorus bagoti英语Melophorus bagoti弓背蚁属物种为可食用昆虫,且为澳大利亚原住民当地的食物来源之一。原住民会透过刮擦地面来寻找蜜罐蚁的巢穴入口,并且挖掘约 2 米深来取得蚁窝中的贮蜜蚁[11]瓦尔皮瑞人英语Warlpiri people相信北领地帕潘亚为创世神话“梦时光英语Dreaming_(Australian_Aboriginal_art)”中蜜蚁梦境的中心。蜜蚁也出现在 1971 年所绘制的帕潘亚图拉梦蜜蚁英语Honey ant dreaming”画作之中[12]

在 2011 年,BBC制作了一系列电视系列剧《自然世界英语Natural_World_(TV_series)》,其中一集《沙漠蚂蚁帝国》中介绍了亚利桑那州沙漠中的小丑蜜罐蚁英语Myrmecocystus mimicus。这是第一次拍摄到数个蚁群的蜜蚁蚁后合作以建立新的蚁群。蚂蚁专家伯特·霍尔多布勒表示这些蚁后透过合作所形成的大蚁群,可以更加确保所有蚁群成员的生存,更大的蚁群也代表着有更强的力量可以去掠夺附近其他较小的蚁群[13]

参见

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参考来源

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  1. ^ Replete. Antbase. [30 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03). 
  2. ^ McCook, Henry C. The Honey and Occident Ants. 1882. 
  3. ^ McCook, Henry C. Nature's craftsmen; popular studies of ants and other insects. Harper and Brothers. 1907: 96–111. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Wheeler, William Morton. The Polymorphism of Ants. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. March 1908: 39–69 [2019-05-19]. doi:10.1093/aesa/1.1.39. (原始内容存档于2016-09-21).  (subscription required)
  5. ^ Honey Ant Adaptations. National Geographic. [30 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-20). 
  6. ^ Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P.S. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons. 2009: 25. ISBN 978-1-4051-4457-5 (英语). 
  7. ^ Conway, John R. The Biology of Honey Ants. The American Biology Teacher. 1986, 48 (6): 335–343. doi:10.2307/4448321. 
  8. ^ Conway, John R. The biology and aboriginal use of the honeypot ant, 'Camponotus inflatus' Lubbock, in Northern Territory, Australia. Australian Entomologist. June 1991, 18 (2): 49–56 [2019-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-16). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Schultheiss, P.; Schwarz, S.; Wystrach, A. Nest Relocation and Colony Founding in the Australian Desert Ant, Melophorus bagoti Lubbock (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 2010, 2010: 1. doi:10.1155/2010/435838. 
  10. ^ Morgan, R. Biology, husbandry and display of the diurnal honey ant Myrmecocystus mendax Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  11. ^ Use of Insects by Australian Aborigines. Insects.org. 2011 [21 May 2016]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-16). 
  12. ^ Papunya Tula art movement of the Western Desert. Australian Government. [30 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-08). 
  13. ^ Empire of the Desert Ants. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2011 [22 May 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-07). 

外部链接

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蜜蚁
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