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虎溪三笑

宋朝时期所作的虎溪三笑图,反映了当时儒家道教佛教三教融合的趋势。

虎溪三笑的故事历来为画家所喜爱,各种以虎溪三笑为题材的艺术作品层出不穷,不乏许多传世名画。此类画题,有文字记载最早的作品属五代末宋初石恪绘《虎溪三笑图》和宋代李公麟作《三笑图》为最古,现存世最为著名的当属藏于台北故宫博物院的南宋佚名作《虎溪三笑图》。其它传世名作还有明末清初陈洪绶作《虎溪三笑图》藏于武汉博物馆。现代傅抱石作《虎溪三笑图》藏南京博物馆等。宋代梁楷、宋末元初颜辉、明代郭诩、吴伟、周臣、杜君泽、尤求、清代陆吉安、许从龙、现代古一舟、亚明、刘旦宅等也有此类画作存世。 明朝成化帝宪宗朱见深登基不久绘制的《一团和气图》亦是以虎溪三笑故事为题材,现藏于北京故宫博物院。此图乍看如同一人,细看实为一儒、一僧、一道三人合抱相视而笑,构图精巧。 此画为儒释道人物之画题。儒者陶渊明与道士陆修静相携访问在庐山修行之高僧慧远,归途中三人谈笑而行,送客之慧远不觉间跨越其自我禁足之虎溪,三人因之相视大笑,此即虎溪三笑图所绘之内容。后世视之为儒释道三教亲和之象征,此类画题现存者以宋代石恪所绘为最古。 成语虎溪三笑讲述了慧远陶渊明陆修静庐山的虎溪大笑而别的故事。它表现了古代中国儒家道家以及佛教理想的和谐关系。

出处

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相传东晋时有位高僧法号慧远,居于庐山西北山麓的东林寺中,曾立下誓约:“影不出户,迹不入俗,送客不过虎溪桥。”一日,诗人陶渊明和道士陆修静过访,三人谈得极为投机,不觉天色已晚。最终,三人听到虎啸后才意识到早已过虎溪界限。三人相视大笑,执礼作别。据说,后人在他们分手处修建“三笑亭”,以示纪念。[1][2]

“虎溪三笑”的故事在唐代已经流传开来,在宋朝广为流传。但据考证,慧远与陶渊明为同时代人,交往或有可能,而陆修静所处时代则晚过百年,因此“虎溪三笑”之说纯属虚构。[3]方以智在《通雅》中指出:虎溪三笑本不同时,白莲结社亦不必一日聚也。……晋义熙十二年丙辰,远公八十二卒;宋元徽五年丙辰,陆修静七十三卒。相去六十载。元嘉末,陆来庐山,远陶死二三十年,安得三笑?自长公作《三笑图赞》,而山谷实之,又考东林结莲社在晋武太元十五年庚寅,至义熙七年辛亥生公入社。宋景平元年癸亥,周续之四十七卒;元嘉二十年癸未,宗炳六十九卒;戊子,雷次宗六十三卒。当结社岁,续之才十三,炳才十四,次宗四岁耳。盖总计也。一曰:佳话听之可。

参考资料

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  1. ^ 虎溪三笑--文史--人民网. [2016-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-06). 
  2. ^ 丁福保《佛学大辞典·虎溪三笑
  3. ^ 楼钥《跋东坡〈三笑图赞〉》

外部链接

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虎溪三笑
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