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虎溪三笑 .
宋朝 时期所作的虎溪三笑图,反映了当时儒家 、道教 和佛教 三教融合的趋势。虎溪三笑的故事历来为画家所喜爱,各种以虎溪三笑为题材的艺术作品层出不穷,不乏许多传世名画。此类画题,有文字记载最早的作品属五代末宋初石恪绘《虎溪三笑图》和宋代李公麟作《三笑图》为最古,现存世最为著名的当属藏于台北故宫博物院的南宋佚名作《虎溪三笑图》。其它传世名作还有明末清初陈洪绶作《虎溪三笑图》藏于武汉博物馆。现代傅抱石作《虎溪三笑图》藏南京博物馆等。宋代梁楷、宋末元初颜辉、明代郭诩、吴伟、周臣、杜君泽、尤求、清代陆吉安、许从龙、现代古一舟、亚明、刘旦宅等也有此类画作存世。
明朝成化帝宪宗朱见深登基不久绘制的《一团和气图》亦是以虎溪三笑故事为题材,现藏于北京故宫博物院。此图乍看如同一人,细看实为一儒、一僧、一道三人合抱相视而笑,构图精巧。
此画为儒释道人物之画题。儒者陶渊明与道士陆修静相携访问在庐山修行之高僧慧远,归途中三人谈笑而行,送客之慧远不觉间跨越其自我禁足之虎溪,三人因之相视大笑,此即虎溪三笑图所绘之内容。后世视之为儒释道三教亲和之象征,此类画题现存者以宋代石恪所绘为最古。
成语 虎溪三笑 讲述了慧远 、陶渊明 和陆修静 在庐山 的虎溪大笑而别的故事。它表现了古代中国儒家 、道家 以及佛教 理想的和谐关系。
相传东晋 时有位高僧法号慧远 ,居于庐山 西北山麓的东林寺中,曾立下誓约:“影不出户,迹不入俗,送客不过虎溪桥。”一日,诗人陶渊明 和道士陆修静 过访,三人谈得极为投机,不觉天色已晚。最终,三人听到虎啸后才意识到早已过虎溪界限。三人相视大笑,执礼作别。据说,后人在他们分手处修建“三笑亭”,以示纪念。[1] [2]
“虎溪三笑”的故事在唐代 已经流传开来,在宋朝 广为流传。但据考证,慧远与陶渊明为同时代人,交往或有可能,而陆修静所处时代则晚过百年,因此“虎溪三笑”之说纯属虚构。[3] 方以智 在《通雅》中指出:虎溪三笑本不同时,白莲结社亦不必一日聚也。……晋义熙十二年丙辰,远公八十二卒;宋元徽五年丙辰,陆修静七十三卒。相去六十载。元嘉末,陆来庐山,远陶死二三十年,安得三笑?自长公作《三笑图赞》,而山谷实之,又考东林结莲社在晋武太元十五年庚寅,至义熙七年辛亥生公入社。宋景平元年癸亥,周续之四十七卒;元嘉二十年癸未,宗炳六十九卒;戊子,雷次宗六十三卒。当结社岁,续之才十三,炳才十四,次宗四岁耳。盖总计也。一曰:佳话听之可。
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